{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T05:17:08Z","timestamp":1773465428387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The urban thermal environment is impacted by changes in urban landscape patterns resulting from urban expansion and seasonal variation. In order to cope effectively with urban heat island (UHI) effects and improve the urban living environment and microclimate, an analysis of the heating effect of impervious surface areas (ISA) and the cooling effects of vegetation is needed. In this study, Landsat 8 data in four seasons were used to derive the percent ISA and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) by spectral unmixing and to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) from the radiative transfer equation (RTE). The percent ISA and FVC were divided into four different categories based on ranges 0\u201325%, 25\u201350%, 50\u201375%, and 75\u2013100%. The LST with percent ISA and FVC were used to calculate the surface heating rate (SHR) and surface cooling rate (SCR). Finally, in order to analyze the heating effect of ISA and the cooling effect of vegetation, the variations of LST with SHR and SCR were compared between different percent ISA and FVC categories in the four seasons. The results showed the following: (1) In summer, SHR decreases as percent ISA increases and SCR increases as FVC increases in the study area. (2) Unlike the dependence of LST on percent ISA and FVC, the trends of SHR\/SCR as a function of percent ISA\/FVC are more complex for different value ranges, especially in spring and autumn. (3) The SHR (heating capacity) decreases with increasing percent ISA in autumn. However, the SCR (cooling capacity) decreases with increasing FVC, except in summer. This study shows that our methodology to analyze the variation and change trends of SHR, SCR, and LST based on different ISA and FVC categories in different seasons can be used to interpret urban ISA and vegetation cover, as well as their heating and cooling effects on the urban thermal environment. This analytical method provides an important insight into analyzing the urban landscape patterns and thermal environment. It is also helpful for urban planning and mitigating UHI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1616764673000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Influence of Impervious Surface Area and Fractional Vegetation Cover on Seasonal Urban Surface Heating\/Cooling Rates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Youshui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiko","family":"Balzter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.05.017","article-title":"Surface urban heat island in China\u2019s 32 major cities: Spatial patterns and drivers","volume":"152","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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