{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:43:37Z","timestamp":1760402617658,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1543957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1543957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Challenges in rapid prototyping are a major bottleneck for plant breeders trying to develop the needed cultivars to feed a growing world population. Remote sensing techniques, particularly LiDAR, have proven useful in the quick phenotyping of many characteristics across a number of popular crops. However, these techniques have not been demonstrated with cassava, a crop of global importance as both a source of starch as well as animal fodder. In this study, we demonstrate the applicability of using terrestrial LiDAR for the determination of cassava biomass through binned height estimations, total aboveground biomass and total leaf biomass. We also tested using single LiDAR scans versus multiple registered scans for estimation, all within a field setting. Our results show that while the binned height does not appear to be an effective method of aboveground phenotyping, terrestrial laser scanners can be a reliable tool in acquiring surface biomass data in cassava. Additionally, we found that using single scans versus multiple scans provides similarly accurate correlations in most cases, which will allow for the 3D phenotyping method to be conducted even more rapidly than expected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1616764673000},"page":"1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prediction of Aboveground Biomass of Three Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Genotypes Using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tyler","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bruton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Barrios-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2394-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G.","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Santiago de Cali 6713, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Dirk B.","family":"Hays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-74-0404","article-title":"African cassava mosaic virus: Etiology, epidemiology and control","volume":"74","author":"Fauquet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.14710\/ijred.9.3.329-337","article-title":"Bio-oil Synthesis from Cassava Pulp via Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Effects of Catalysts and Operating Conditions","volume":"9","author":"Nonchana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"395","article-title":"Awareness of Cassava Peel Utilization as a Feedstuff among Livestock Farmers in Ogbomoso Zone of Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Ojediran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Pap. Manag. Econ. Eng. Agric. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PLAN.0000019109.01740.c6","article-title":"Cassava biology and physiology","volume":"53","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2009.00077.x","article-title":"Nutritional value of cassava for use as a staple food and recent advances for improvement","volume":"8","author":"Montagnac","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244020919778","article-title":"Management of Food Crop for National Development: Problems and Challenges of Cassava Processing in Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Agbaeze","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859606006575","article-title":"Cassava improvement: Challenges and impacts","volume":"145","author":"Nassar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp3.10130","article-title":"Image-based root phenotyping links root architecture to micronutrient concentration in cassava","volume":"2","author":"Busener","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants People Planet"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"173","article-title":"Identification of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes with early storage root bulking","volume":"31","author":"Olasanmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crop Improv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1517","article-title":"CFD assisted investigation of mechanical juice extraction from cassava leaves and characterization of the products","volume":"8","author":"Latif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.20473\/jvhs.V4.I1.2020.21-28","article-title":"Formulation of Cream Body Scrub from Ethanol Extract of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta) as Antioxidant","volume":"4","author":"Malik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Health Stud."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-002-1068-0","article-title":"Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of early root bulking in an F 1 population of non-inbred parents in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)","volume":"106","author":"Okogbenin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Nweke, F., Spencer, D.S., and Lynam, J.K. (2002). The Cassava Transformation: Africa\u2019s Best Kept Secret, East Lansing, Michigan State University Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.009","article-title":"Ileal and total tract apparent crude protein and amino acid digestibility of ensiled and dried cassava leaves and sweet potato vines in growing pigs","volume":"172","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14773","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy applications for high-throughput phenotyping for cassava and yam: A review","volume":"56","author":"Alamu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107766","article-title":"An intensity, image-based method to estimate gap fraction, canopy openness and effective leaf area index from phase-shift terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"280","author":"Grotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"271","article-title":"Canopy architecture in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in tropical dry forest in Colombia","volume":"9","author":"Jairo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colomb. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Vosselman, G., and Maas, H.G. (2010). Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Whittles Publishing."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julin, A., Kurkela, M., Rantanen, T., Virtanen, J.P., Maksimainen, M., Kukko, A., Kaartinen, H., Vaaja, M.T., Hyypp\u00e4, J., and Hyypp\u00e4, H. (2020). Evaluating the Quality of TLS Point Cloud Colorization. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172748"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-015-9420-y","article-title":"Crop height variability detection in a single field by multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"17","author":"Hoffmeister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"94","article-title":"Radiometric correction of terrestrial LiDAR point cloud data for individual maize plant detection","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.09.003","article-title":"Estimating vertical plant area density profile and growth parameters of a wheat canopy at different growth stages using three-dimensional portable LiDAR imaging","volume":"64","author":"Hosoi","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2007.09.013","article-title":"Measuring crop biomass density by laser triangulation","volume":"61","author":"Ehlert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-009-9114-4","article-title":"Laser rangefinder-based measuring of crop biomass under field conditions","volume":"10","author":"Ehlert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-010-9191-4","article-title":"Suitability of a laser rangefinder to characterize winter wheat","volume":"11","author":"Ehlert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2010.09.005","article-title":"3D volumetric modeling of grapevine biomass using Tripod LiDAR","volume":"74","author":"Keightley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Girardeau-Montaut, D. (2018, January 20). CloudCompare (Version 2.10 Beta) [Software]. Available online: https:\/\/www.danielgm.net\/cc\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.810682","article-title":"A progressive morphological filter for removing nonground measurements from airborne LiDAR data","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron, B., and Tibshirani, R.J. (1994). An Introduction to the Bootstrap, Chapman & Hall.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-015-0737-3","article-title":"Leaf segmentation in plant phenotyping: A collation study","volume":"27","author":"Scharr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"36","article-title":"Segmentation of Bean-Plants Using Clustering Algorithms","volume":"3","author":"Kartal","year":"2020","journal-title":"AGRIS OnLine Pap. Econ. Inf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1295487","article-title":"UAV-derived data for mapping change on a swidden agriculture plot: Preliminary results from a pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Cummings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"102132","article-title":"Estimating aboveground and organ biomass of plant canopies across the entire season of rice growth with terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"163","article-title":"Estimating residual biomass of olive tree crops using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"75","author":"Estornell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183089","article-title":"AdQSM: A New Method for Estimating Above-Ground Biomass from TLS Point Clouds","volume":"12","author":"Guangpeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/7\/1272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:53:04Z","timestamp":1760363584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/7\/1272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13071272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13071272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]}}}