{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:51:03Z","timestamp":1774320663444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0502703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0502703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital elevation models (DEMs) are the basic data of science and engineering technology research. SRTM and ASTER GDEM are currently widely used global DEMs, and TanDEM-X DEM, released in 2016, has attracted users\u2019 attention due to its unprecedented accuracy. These global datasets are often used for local applications and the quality of DEMs affects the results of applications. Many researchers have assessed and compared the quality of global DEMs on a local scale. To provide some additional insights on quality assessment of 12- and 30-m resolution TanDEM-X DEMs, 30-m resolution ASTER GDEM and 30-m resolution SRTM, this study assessed differences\u2019 performance in relation to not only geographical features but also the ways in which DEMs have been created on selected Chinese sites, taking ICESat\/GLAS points with 14-cm absolute vertical accuracy but size of 70-m diameter and 12-m resolution TanDEM-X DEM with less than 10-m absolute vertical accuracy as the reference data for comprehensive quality evaluation. When comparing the three 30-m DEMs with the reference DEM, an improved Least Z-Difference (LZD) method was applied for co-registration between models, and Quantile\u2013Quantile (Q-Q) plot was used to identify if the DEM errors follow a normal distribution to help choose proper statistical indicators accordingly. The results show that: (1) TanDEM-X DEMs have the best overall quality, followed by SRTM. ASTER GDEM has the worst quality. The 12-m TanDEM-X DEM has significant advantages in describing terrain details. (2) The quality of DEM has a strong relationship with slope, aspect and land cover. However, the relationship between aspect and vertical quality weakens after data co-registration. The quality of DEMs gets higher with the increasing number of images used in the fusion process. The quality in where slopes opposite to the radar beam is the worst for SRTM, which could provide a new perspective for quality assessment of SRTM and other DEMs whose incidence angle files are available. (3) Systematic deviations can reduce the vertical quality of DEM. The differences have non-normal distribution even after co-registration. For researchers who want to know the quality of a DEM in order to use it in further applications, they should pay more attention to the terrain factors and land cover in their study areas and the ways in which the DEM has been created.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T16:01:57Z","timestamp":1617033717000},"page":"1304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Quality Assessment of TanDEM-X DEMs, SRTM and ASTER GDEM on Selected Chinese Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haijiao","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1020-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"An analysis of geomorphology characteristics of the ALTAI mountain based on DEM","volume":"19","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Land Resour."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.012","article-title":"The regular shape of stratovolcanoes: A DEM-based morphometrical approach","volume":"193","author":"Karatson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berthier, E., Arnaud, Y., Vincent, C., and R\u00e9my, F. (2006). Biases of SRTM in high-mountain areas: Implications for the monitoring of glacier volume changes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL025862"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-2867(01)00012-2","article-title":"Modeling flooding extent from Hurricane Floyd in the coastal plains of North Carolina","volume":"2","author":"Colby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang. Part B Environ. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02121","article-title":"Extinction risk from climate change","volume":"427","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1210","article-title":"Methods for the visualization of digital elevation models for landform mapping","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00233","article-title":"Perspectives on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Simulation for Flood Modeling in the Absence of a High-Accuracy Open Access Global DEM","volume":"6","author":"Hawker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1481-2007","article-title":"Uncertainties associated with digital elevation models for hydrologic applications: A review","volume":"3","author":"Wechsler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-8-187-2014","article-title":"Quality assessment of TanDEM-X DEMs using airborne LiDAR, photogrammetry and ICESat elevation data","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1927","article-title":"Research Progress of Global High Resolution Digital Elevation Models","volume":"043","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183","article-title":"The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission","volume":"45","author":"Farr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tachikawa, T., Hato, M., Kaku, M., and Iwasaki, A. (2011, January 24\u201329). Characteristics of ASTER GDEM version 2. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6050017"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.994720","article-title":"Accuracy validation and comparison of global digital elevation models over Croatia","volume":"36","author":"Varga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.999166","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of SRTM v4 and ASTER GDEM v2 over the Altiplano watershed using ICESat\/GLAS data","volume":"36","author":"Bonnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-013-0695-5","article-title":"Assessment of the Accuracy of SRTM C- and X-Band High Mountain Elevation Data: A Case Study of the Polish Tatra Mountains","volume":"171","author":"Kolecka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misra, P., Avtar, R., and Takeuchi, W. (2018). Comparison of Digital Building Height Models Extracted from AW3D, TanDEM-X, ASTER, and SRTM Digital Surface Models over Yangon City. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122008"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Chen, J., Zhang, H., and Chen, L. (2011, January 9\u201311). Difference Analysis of SRTM C-Band DEM and ASTER GDEM for Global Land Cover Mapping. Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Image and Data Fusion, Yunnan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIDF.2011.6024257"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zink, M., Krieger, G., Fiedler, H., and Moreira, A. (2007, January 23\u201328). The TanDEM-X mission: Overview and status. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423711"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2014.2318895","article-title":"TanDEM-X: The New Global DEM Takes Shape","volume":"2","author":"Zink","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.05.005","article-title":"TanDEM-X IDEM precision and accuracy assessment based on a large assembly of differential GNSS measurements in Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"119","author":"Baade","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.08.008","article-title":"Generation and performance assessment of the global TanDEM-X digital elevation model","volume":"132","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.02.017","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of the global TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model with GPS data\u2014ScienceDirect","volume":"139","author":"Wessel","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"253","article-title":"The 0.4 arc-sec TanDEM-X intermediate DEM with respect to the SRTM and aster global DEMS","volume":"XL\u20133\/W2","author":"Vassilaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111319","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of the TanDEM-X 90 Digital Elevation Model for selected floodplain sites","volume":"232","author":"Hawker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111724","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of the global TanDEM-X digital elevation model in a mountain environment","volume":"241","author":"Moudr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.06.025","article-title":"Evaluation of TanDEM-X elevation data for geomorphological mapping and interpretation in high mountain environments\u2014A case study from SE Tibet, China","volume":"246","author":"Pipaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2016.1155655","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative assessment of TanDEM-X DEM over western Himalayan glaciated terrain","volume":"32","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keys, L., and Baade, J. (2019). Uncertainty in Catchment Delineations as a Result of Digital Elevation Model Choice. Hydrology, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology6010013"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramm, T., and Hoffmeister, D. (2019). A Relief Dependent Evaluation of Digital Elevation Models on Different Scales for Northern Chile. Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8100430"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podg\u00f3rski, J., Kinnard, C., P\u0119tlicki, M., and Urrutia, R. (2019). Performance Assessment of TanDEM-X DEM for Mountain Glacier Elevation Change Detection. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020187"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2020.1792001","article-title":"Accuracy Validation and Bias Assessment of Various Multi-Sensor Open Source DEMs in Part of the Karakoram Region","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uuemaa, E., Ahi, S., Montibeller, B., Muru, M., and Kmoch, A. (2020). Vertical Accuracy of Freely Available Global Digital Elevation Models (ASTER, AW3D30, MERIT, TanDEM-X., SRTM, and NASADEM). Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213482"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.043","article-title":"Evaluation of TanDEM-X DEMs on selected Brazilian sites: Comparison with SRTM, ASTER GDEM and ALOS AW3D30","volume":"212","author":"Grohmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.83.2.135","article-title":"SRTM Error Distribution and its Associations with Landscapes across China","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. J. Am. Soc. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Peng, J., Hou, Y., and Shan, J. (2017). Evaluation of Recently Released Open Global Digital Elevation Models of Hubei, China. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030262"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7367","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1759840","article-title":"The impact of horizontal errors on the accuracy of freely available Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)","volume":"41","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024009","article-title":"Overview of the ICESat Mission","volume":"32","author":"Schutz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1385","article-title":"3-dimensional absolute orientation of stereo models using digital elevation models","volume":"54","author":"Rosenholm","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2421879","article-title":"The TanDEM-X DEM Mosaicking: Fusion of Multiple Acquisitions Using InSAR Quality Parameters","volume":"9","author":"Gruber","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900693","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A Satellite Formation for High-Resolution SAR Interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Hajnsek","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.03.008","article-title":"TANDEM-X: A radar interferometer with two formation flying satellites","volume":"89","author":"Krieger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.06.006","article-title":"Coherence evaluation of TanDEM-X interferometric data","volume":"73","author":"Martone","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Br\u00e4utigam, B., Zink, M., Hajnsek, I., and Krieger, G. (2013, January 16\u201320). The TanDEM-X Mission: Earth Observation in 3D. Proceedings of the Geomorphometry, Nangjing, China."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wecklich, C., Gonzalez, C., and Rizzoli, P. (2017, January 23\u201328). TANDEM-X height performance and data coverage. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8127898"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700991","article-title":"Overview of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)","volume":"36","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024028","article-title":"Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the ICESat Mission: On-orbit measurement performance","volume":"32","author":"Abshire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.03.002","article-title":"Stable classification with limited sample: Transferring a 30-m resolution sample set collected in 2015 to mapping 10-m resolution global land cover in 2017","volume":"64","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"21","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Several Freely Available DEM Datasets","volume":"43","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomat. Spat. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.885401","article-title":"Verification of the Vertical Error in C-Band SRTM DEM Using ICESat and Landsat-7, Otter Tail County, MN","volume":"45","author":"Bhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.005","article-title":"Water-level changes in China\u2019s large lakes determined from ICESat\/GLAS data","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"100","article-title":"Accuracy evaluation of SRTM data based on ICESat \/GLAS altimeter data: A case study in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"27","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Land Resour."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Analysis and Comparison of SRTM1 DEM and ASTER GDEM V2 Data","volume":"19","author":"Wenjiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geo Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2509500","article-title":"Validation of the TanDEM-X Intermediate Digital Elevation Model With Airborne LiDAR and Differential GNSS in Kruger National Park","volume":"13","author":"Balzter","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.02.003","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of digital elevation models by means of robust statistical methods","volume":"64","author":"Hoehle","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.015","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of airborne photogrammetrically derived high-resolution digital elevation models in a high mountain environment","volume":"98","author":"Thee","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"22","article-title":"Preliminary study on specification of basic terrain-unit dataset","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"190","article-title":"Response of three global DEM Data accuracy to different terrain factors in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"39","author":"Zhiyuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Zhu, J., Fu, H., Zhou, C., and Zuo, T. (2020). Evaluation of the Vertical Accuracy of Open Global DEMs over Steep Terrain Regions Using ICESat Data: A Case Study over Hunan Province, China. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174865"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6054600","article-title":"External Validation of the ASTER GDEM2, GMTED2010 and CGIAR-CSI- SRTM v4.1 Free Access Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in Tunisia and Algeria","volume":"6","author":"Athmania","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"205","article-title":"Evaluation of vertical accuracy of open source Digital Elevation Model (DEM)\u2014ScienceDirect","volume":"21","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Evaluation of DEM accuracy. Elevation, slope, and aspect","volume":"60","author":"Bolstad","year":"1994","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2003.07.005","article-title":"Analysis of errors of derived slope and aspect related to DEM data properties","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.017","article-title":"Spatial structure and landscape associations of SRTM error","volume":"115","author":"Shortridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Yang, S., and Li, Y. (2020). Accuracy Assessment and Correction of SRTM DEM Using ICESat\/GLAS Data under Data Coregistration. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203435"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00123-5","article-title":"Impact of terrain slope and aspect on radargrammetric DEM accuracy","volume":"57","author":"Toutin","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/7\/1304\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:55:35Z","timestamp":1760363735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/7\/1304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13071304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13071304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]}}}