{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:50:39Z","timestamp":1760403039964,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSC 201906710071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSC 201906710071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF-AGS-1644382","NSF-AGS-2028633","NSF-IOS-1754893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-AGS-1644382","NSF-AGS-2028633","NSF-IOS-1754893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cLaboratoire d'Excellence\u201d LabexMER","award":["ANR\u201010\u2010LABX\u201019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR\u201010\u2010LABX\u201019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The significance of the water-side gas transfer velocity for air\u2013sea CO2 gas exchange (k) and its non-linear dependence on wind speed (U) is well accepted. What remains a subject of inquiry are biases associated with the form of the non-linear relation linking k to U (hereafter labeled as f(U), where f(.) stands for an arbitrary function of U), the distributional properties of U (treated as a random variable) along with other external factors influencing k, and the time-averaging period used to determine k from U. To address the latter issue, a Taylor series expansion is applied to separate f(U) into a term derived from time-averaging wind speed (labeled as \u27e8U\u27e9, where \u27e8.\u27e9\u00a0indicates averaging over a monthly time scale) as currently employed in climate models and additive bias corrections that vary with the statistics of U. The method was explored for nine widely used f(U) parameterizations based on remotely-sensed 6-hourly global wind products at 10 m above the sea-surface. The bias in k of monthly estimates compared to the reference 6-hourly product was shown to be mainly associated with wind variability captured by the standard deviation \u03c3\u03c3U around \u27e8U\u27e9 or, more preferably, a dimensionless coefficient of variation Iu= \u03c3\u03c3U\/\u27e8U\u27e9. The proposed correction outperforms previous methodologies that adjusted k when using \u27e8U\u27e9 only. An unexpected outcome was that upon setting Iu2 = 0.15 to correct biases when using monthly wind speed averages, the new model produced superior results at the global and regional scale compared to prior correction methodologies. Finally, an equation relating Iu2 to the time-averaging interval (spanning from 6 h to a month) is presented to enable other sub-monthly averaging periods to be used. While the focus here is on CO2, the theoretical tactic employed can be applied to other slightly soluble gases. As monthly and climatological wind data are often used in climate models for gas transfer estimates, the proposed approach provides a robust scheme that can be readily implemented in current climate models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1617186273000},"page":"1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mesoscale Temporal Wind Variability Biases Global Air\u2013Sea Gas Transfer Velocity of CO2 and Other Slightly Soluble Gases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1394-6914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"},{"name":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Gabriel G.","family":"Katul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0100-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Cassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"},{"name":"CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5905","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR022731","article-title":"A structure function model recovers the many formulations for air-water gas transfer velocity","volume":"54","author":"Katul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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