{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:33:49Z","timestamp":1773772429212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41801344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Major Project on High Resolution Earth Observation System","award":["GFZX0403260306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFZX0403260306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vicarious calibration, as one on-orbit calibration method, is a supplement to onboard calibration of sensors. The application of vicarious calibration, however, is greatly limited due to the time- and effort-consuming field measurements of atmosphere and surface. Fortunately, the Radiometric Calibration Network (RadCalNet) provides automated in situ data at multiple sites, thus increasing the opportunities to achieve ongoing ground-reference calibration of in-orbit instruments. The MEdium Resolution Spectrum Imager-II (MERSI-II) onboard FengYun-3D (FY) has the temporal, spectral, spatial, and radiometric capacity for image capture at a level on par with other sensors used worldwide, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Its on-orbit radiometric performance, however, is assessed in a limited manner. In this study, the reflectance-based vicarious calibration method was employed to calibrate the MERSI-II sensor using ground measurements from RadCalNet at the Railroad Valley Playa site. The calibration of the MERSI-II sensor with large view angles presents difficulties due to the uncertainties introduced by surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects. Thus, we performed BRDF correction to harmonize the sensor and ground measurements to consistent observation geometries, before the in-situ measurements were taken as inputs for the 6SV radiative transfer model to predict at-sensor radiance. The calibration results were comprehensively validated with ground data and MODIS benchmark datasets. The results show that accounting for BRDF correction could improve the accuracy of vicarious calibration and ensure inter-consistency between different sensors. An analysis of the vicarious calibration of FY-3D MERSI-II yielded uncertainties of &lt;5% for solar reflective bands, which meets the radiometric accuracy requirements typical for land-monitoring space missions. The proposed approach is also applicable to the calibration of other large footprint sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T10:44:01Z","timestamp":1617273841000},"page":"1347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vicarious Calibration of FengYun-3D MERSI-II at Railroad Valley Playa Site: A Case for Sensors with Large View Angles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yepei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2664-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaimin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Wenzhuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8210-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2012.658666","article-title":"Improvements on global meteorological observations from the current Fengyun 3 satellites and beyond","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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