{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:21:36Z","timestamp":1779337296748,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Kurdistan, Iran","award":["GRC98-04469-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC98-04469-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of remote sensing algorithms and increased access to satellite data, generating up-to-date, accurate land use\/land cover (LULC) maps has become increasingly feasible for evaluating and managing changes in land cover as created by changes to ecosystem and land use. The main objective of our study is to evaluate the performance of Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), Minimum Distance (MD), and Mahalanobis (MH) algorithms and compare them in order to generate a LULC map using data from Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8 satellites. Further, we also investigate the effect of a penalty parameter on SVM results. Our study uses different kernel functions and hidden layers for SVM and ANN algorithms, respectively. We generated the training and validation datasets from Google Earth images and GPS data prior to pre-processing satellite data. In the next phase, we classified the images using training data and algorithms. Ultimately, to evaluate outcomes, we used the validation data to generate a confusion matrix of the classified images. Our results showed that with optimal tuning parameters, the SVM classifier yielded the highest overall accuracy (OA) of 94%, performing better for both satellite data compared to other methods. In addition, for our scenes, Sentinel 2 date was slightly more accurate compared to Landsat 8. The parametric algorithms MD and MLC provided the lowest accuracy of 80.85% and 74.68% for the data from Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8. In contrast, our evaluation using the SVM tuning parameters showed that the linear kernel with the penalty parameter 150 for Sentinel 2 and the penalty parameter 200 for Landsat 8 yielded the highest accuracies. Further, ANN classification showed that increasing the hidden layers drastically reduces classification accuracy for both datasets, reducing zero for three hidden layers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T10:44:01Z","timestamp":1617273841000},"page":"1349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Performance Evaluation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 OLI Data for Land Cover\/Use Classification Using a Comparison between Machine Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Laleh","family":"Ghayour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Engineering and Environment, Azad Hamedan University, Hamedan 65181-15743, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9557-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aminreza","family":"Neshat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of GIS\/RS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Paryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of GIS\/RS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himan","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Zrebar Lake Environmental Research, Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9668-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ataollah","family":"Shirzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geology &amp; Environment, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6790-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadhir","family":"Al-Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4650-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marten","family":"Geertsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Geomorphologist, Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, 499 George Street, Prince George, BC V2L 1R5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Pourmehdi Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing, Aban Haraz Hitcher Education Institute, Amol 46131-46391, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2881-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Gholamnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj 6616935391, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazards, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevington, A., Gleason, H., Giroux-Bougard, X., and de Jong, J.T. 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