{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:02:31Z","timestamp":1773262951237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["713673;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713673;"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCF\/BQ\/DI18\/11660050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/BQ\/DI18\/11660050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ESP2017-89463-C3,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESP2017-89463-C3,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Excelencia Maria de Maeztu","award":["MDM-2016-0600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDM-2016-0600"]}]},{"name":"Sensing with Pioneering Opportunistic Techniques","award":["RTI2018-099008-B-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099008-B-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Excelencia Severo Ochoa","award":["CEX2019-000928-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000928-S"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI-DGR 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI-DGR 2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Education","award":["FPU18\/06107."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU18\/06107."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several methods have been developed to provide polar maps of sea ice thickness (SIT) from L-band brightness temperature (TB) and altimetry data. Current process-based inversion methods to yield SIT fail to address the complex surface characteristics because sea ice is subject to strong seasonal dynamics and ice-physical properties are often non-linearly related. Neural networks can be trained to find hidden links among large datasets and often perform better on convoluted problems for which traditional approaches miss out important relationships between the observations. The FSSCat mission launched on 3 September 2020, carries the Flexible Microwave Payload-2 (FMPL-2), which contains the first Reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS-R) and L-band radiometer on board a CubeSat\u2014designed to provide TB data on global coverage for soil moisture retrieval, and sea ice applications. This work investigates a predictive regression neural network approach with the goal to infer SIT using FMPL-2 TB and ancillary data (sea ice concentration, surface temperature, and sea ice freeboard). Two models\u2014covering thin ice up to 0.6 m and full-range thickness\u2014were separately trained on Arctic data in a two-month period from mid-October to the beginning of December 2020, while using ground truth data derived from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Cryosat-2 missions. The thin ice and the full-range models resulted in a mean absolute error of 6.5 cm and 23 cm, respectively. Both of the models allowed for one to produce weekly composites of Arctic maps, and monthly composites of Antarctic SIT were predicted based on the Arctic full-range model. This work presents the first results of the FSSCat mission over the polar regions. It reveals the benefits of neural networks for sea ice retrievals and demonstrates that moderate-cost CubeSat missions can provide valuable data for applications in Earth observation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T10:34:09Z","timestamp":1617359649000},"page":"1366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sea Ice Thickness Estimation Based on Regression Neural Networks Using L-Band Microwave Radiometry Data from the FSSCat Mission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Herbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC\/CTE-UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan Francesc","family":"Munoz-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC\/CTE-UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-5798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Llaveria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC\/CTE-UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2694-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Pablos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Camps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC\/CTE-UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NSIDC (2021, January 13). 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