{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:46:32Z","timestamp":1767980792191,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["151658\/2012-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["151658\/2012-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAPES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["Y2020GH14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2020GH14"]}]},{"name":"Talented Young Scientist Program\u2014China Science and Technology Exchange Center","award":["Brazil\u201319-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Brazil\u201319-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visible (V), Near Infrared (NIR) and Short Waves Infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy has been indicated as a promising tool in soil studies, especially in the last decade. However, in order to apply this method, it is necessary to develop prediction models with the capacity to capture the intrinsic differences between agricultural areas and incorporate them in the modeling process. High quality estimates are generally obtained when these models are applied to soil samples displaying characteristics similar to the samples used in their construction. However, low quality predictions are noted when applied to samples from new areas presenting different characteristics. One way to solve this problem is by recalibrating the models using selected samples from the area of interest. Based on this premise, the aim of this study was to use the spiking technique and spiking associated with hybridization to expand prediction models and estimate organic matter content in a target area undergoing different uses and management. A total of 425 soil samples were used for the generation of the state model, as well as 200 samples from a target area to select the subsets (10 samples) used for model recalibration. The spectral readings of the samples were obtained in the laboratory using the ASD FieldSpec 3 Jr. Sensor from 350 to 2500 nm. The spectral curves of the samples were then associated to the soil attributes by means of a partial least squares regression (PLSR). The state model obtained better results when recalibrated with samples selected through a cluster analysis. The use of hybrid spectral curves did not generate significant improvements, presenting estimates, in most cases, lower than the state model applied without recalibration. The use of the isolated spiking technique was more effective in comparison with the spiked and hybridized state models, reaching r2, square root of mean prediction error (RMSEP) and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) values of 0.43, 4.4 g dm\u22123, and 1.36, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T10:34:09Z","timestamp":1617359649000},"page":"1376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Strategies for the Development of Spectral Models for Soil Organic Matter Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8042-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Everson","family":"Cezar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, PR 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4854-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Rafael","family":"Nanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, PR 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Guilherme Teixeira","family":"Crusiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, PR 87020-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture\/CAAS-CIAT Joint Laboratory in Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture\u2014Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture\/CAAS-CIAT Joint Laboratory in Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture\u2014Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica Sacioto","family":"Chicati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, PR 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renato Herrig","family":"Furlanetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, PR 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7661-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlon","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, PR 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8711-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubson Natal Ribeiro","family":"Sibaldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematician, Statistical Specialist, Londrina, PR 86001-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Fernando Capristo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, PR 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karym Mayara de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, PR 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. M.","family":"Dematt\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2005.03.007","article-title":"Visible, near infrared, mid infrared or combined diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for simultaneous assessment of various soil properties","volume":"131","author":"Walvoort","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1590\/S0006-87052011000300017","article-title":"Modelos espectrais terrestres e orbitais na determina\u00e7\u00e3o de teores de atributos dos solos: Potencial e custos","volume":"70","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bragantia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Li, X., and Niu, B. 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