{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T09:29:14Z","timestamp":1768642154261,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["2019QZKK0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41931180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011132","name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLFSE201921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE201921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial information of particle size fractions (PSFs) is primary for understanding the thermal state of permafrost in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) in response to climate change. However, the limitation of field observations and the tremendous spatial heterogeneity hamper the digital mapping of PSF. This study integrated log-ratio transformation approaches, variable searching methods, and machine learning techniques to map the surficial soil PSF distribution of two typical permafrost regions. Results showed that the Boruta technique identified different covariates but retained those covariates of vegetation and land surface temperature in both regions. Variable selection techniques effectively decreased the data redundancy and improved model performance. In addition, the spatial distribution of soil PSFs generated by four log-ratio models presented similar patterns. Isometric log-ratio random forest (ILR-RF) outperformed the other models in both regions (i.e., R2 ranged between 0.36 to 0.56, RMSE ranged between 0.02 and 0.10). Compared with three legacy datasets, our prediction better captured the spatial pattern of PSFs with higher accuracy. Although this study largely improved the accuracy of spatial distribution of soil PSFs, further endeavors should also be made to improve model accuracy and interpretability for a better understanding of the interaction and processes between environmental predictors and soil PSFs at permafrost regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"1392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mapping Surficial Soil Particle Size Fractions in Alpine Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zanpin","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Defu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiangqiang","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erji","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanbo","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2019.06.006","article-title":"Some practical aspects of predicting texture data in digital soil mapping","volume":"194","author":"Minasny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2008.06.003","article-title":"Regression rules as a tool for predicting soil properties from infrared reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"94","author":"Minasny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemom. 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