{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:42:35Z","timestamp":1764603755439,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE190101389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE190101389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earth observation (EO) satellites facilitate hazard monitoring and mapping over large-scale and remote areas. Despite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites being well-documented as a hazard monitoring tool, the uptake of these data is geographically variable, with the Australian continent being one example where the use of SAR data is limited. Consequently, less is known about how these data apply in the Australian context, how they could aid national hazard monitoring and assessment, and what new insights could be gleaned for the benefit of the international disaster risk reduction community. The European Space Agency Sentinel-1 satellite mission now provides the first spatially and temporally complete global SAR dataset and the first opportunity to use these data to systematically assess hazards in new locations. Using the example of Australia, where floods and uncontrolled bushfires, earthquakes, resource extraction (groundwater, mining, hydrocarbons) and geomorphological changes each pose potential risks to communities, we review past usage of EO for hazard monitoring and present a suite of new case studies that demonstrate the potential added benefits of SAR. The outcomes provide a baseline understanding of the potential role of SAR in national hazard monitoring and assessment in an Australian context. Future opportunities to improve national hazard identification will arise from: new SAR sensing capabilities, which for Australia includes a first-ever civilian EO capability, NovaSAR-1; the integration of Sentinel-1 SAR with other EO datasets; and the provision of standardised SAR products via Analysis Ready Data and Open Data Cubes to support operational applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T11:31:59Z","timestamp":1617795119000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Applications of Satellite Radar Imagery for Hazard Monitoring: Insights from Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Planetary Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation, CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, P.O. Box 1130, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Castellazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deep Earth Imaging Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7194-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Fuhrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Performance Team, Airbus Defence &amp; Space, 82024 Taufkirchen Munich, Germany"},{"name":"National Geodesy Section, Place, Space and Communities Division, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Garthwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Geodesy Section, Place, Space and Communities Division, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9644-4535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Will E.","family":"Featherstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Planetary Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, July 15). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Available online: https:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/we\/inform\/terminology#letter-h."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Held, A., Clayfield, K., Ward, S., Dyke, G., and Harrison, B. (2012). Continuity of Earth Observation Data for Australia: Research and Development Dependencies to 2020."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, July 15). Australian Earth Observation Community Plan 2016: Delivering Essential Information and Services for Australia\u2019s Future. Available online: https:\/\/www.eoa.org.au\/aeocp-the-plan\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2017.1402490","article-title":"Digital earth Australia\u2013unlocking new value from earth observation data","volume":"1","author":"Dhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Adam, N., Kampes, B., and Eineder, M. (2004, January 6\u201310). Development of a scientific permanent scatterer system: Modifications for mixed ERS\/ENVISAT time series. Proceedings of the Envisat & ERS Symposium 2005, Salzburg, Austria."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.003","article-title":"Water observations from space: Mapping surface water from 25 years of Landsat imagery across Australia","volume":"174","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Milne, A.K., Williams, M., Mitchell, A., and Watt, M. (2020, July 15). SAR Application Case Studies, Robust Imaging from Space, Adjunct Reference Document #2, CRCSI Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.crcsi.com.au\/assets\/Uploads\/Files\/Adjunct-Reference-2-SAR-Application-Case-Studies-FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bird, R., Whittaker, P., Stern, B., Angli, N., Cohen, M., and Guida, R. (2003). NovaSAR-S: A low cost approach to SAR applications. Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR) 2013 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Held, A., Zhou, Z.S., Ticehurst, C., Rosenqvist, A., Parker, A., and Brindle, L. (2019). Advancing Australia\u2019s Imaging Radar Capability Under the Novasar-1 Partnership. IGARSS 2019\u20132019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8898623"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ticehurst, C., Zhou, Z.S., Lehmann, E., Yuan, F., Thankappan, M., Rosenqvist, A., Lewis, B., and Paget, M. (2019). Building a SAR-Enabled Data Cube Capability in Australia Using SAR Analysis Ready Data. Data, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/data4030100"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/19475681003700914","article-title":"Monitoring and characterizing natural hazards with satellite InSAR imagery","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Flores-Anderson, A.I., Herndon, K.E., Thapa, R.B., and Cherrington, E. (2019). The SAR Handbook: Comprehensive Methodologies for Forest Monitoring and Biomass Estimation, SERVIR Global Science Coordination Office."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673687","article-title":"A three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data","volume":"36","author":"Freeman","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.28.1.169","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure Earth\u2019s surface topography and its deformation","volume":"28","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, A.L., Featherstone, W.E., Penna, N.T., Filmer, M.S., and Garthwaite, M.C. (2017). Practical Considerations before Installing Ground-Based Geodetic Infrastructure for Integrated InSAR and cGNSS Monitoring of Vertical Land Motion. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081753"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, T.J., Parsons, B.E., and Lu, Z. (2004). Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018827"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0915-7","article-title":"The Maoxian landslide as seen from space: Detecting precursors of failure with Sentinel-1 data","volume":"15","author":"Intrieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-011-0775-5","article-title":"Regional land subsidence accompanying groundwater extraction","volume":"19","author":"Galloway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, J.R., Walters, R.J., and Wright, T.J. (2016). The role of space-based observation in understanding and responding to active tectonics and earthquakes. Nat. Commun., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13844"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.805079","article-title":"Glacier motion estimation using SAR offset-tracking procedures","volume":"40","author":"Strozzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.22499\/2.6403.002","article-title":"Major coastal flooding in southeastern Australia 1860\u20132012, associated deaths and weather systems","volume":"64","author":"Callaghan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Oceanogr. J."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ezzy, G.L., Allen, A., Buchanan, A., Craig, R., Maier, S., Stewart, B., and Ferri, M. (2006, January 21). Application of remote sensing and GIS technologies in flood monitoring and warning systems for Northern Australia: A review. Proceedings of the 13th Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference, Canberra, Australia."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaramillo, F., Brown, I., Castellazzi, P., Espinosa, L., Guittard, A., Hong, S.-H., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., and Wdowinski, S. (2018). Assessment of hydrologic connectivity in an ungauged wetland with InSAR observations. Environ. Res. Lett., 13.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa9d23"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.009","article-title":"Floodplain inundation and vegetation dynamics in the Alligator Rivers region (Kakadu) of northern Australia assessed using optical and radar remote sensing","volume":"147","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1192304","article-title":"Sentinel-1-based flood mapping: A fully automated processing chain","volume":"37","author":"Twele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Mueller, N. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.05.009","article-title":"Multi-temporal, multi-frequency, and multi-polarization coherence and SAR backscatter analysis of wetlands","volume":"142","author":"Mohammadimanesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Brisco, B. (2015). Mapping and monitoring surface water and wetlands with synthetic aperture radar. Remote Sens. Wetl. Appl. Adv., 119\u2013136."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020, July 15). Geographic Distribution of the Population, Year Book Australia, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/by%20Subject\/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Geographic%20distribution%20of%20the%20population~49."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Richardson, S., Ervine, E., Froend, R., Boon, P., Barber, S., and Bonneville, B. (2011). Australian Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystem Toolbox Part 1: Assessment Framework, Waterlines Report, National Water Commission."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2017.01.003","article-title":"Continental mapping of groundwater dependent ecosystems: A methodological framework to integrate diverse data and expert opinion","volume":"10","author":"Doody","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13570","article-title":"Toward monitoring groundwater-dependent ecosystems using SAR imagery","volume":"33","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8566","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014676","article-title":"Remote sensing of ground deformation for monitoring groundwater management practices: Application to the Santa Clara Valley during the 2012\u20132015 California drought","volume":"122","author":"Chaussard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.11.025","article-title":"Quantitative mapping of groundwater depletion at the water management scale using a combined GRACE\/InSAR approach","volume":"205","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellazzi, P., and Schmid, W. (2021). Interpreting C-band InSAR ground deformation data for large-scale groundwater management in Australia. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2021.100774"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1119","article-title":"InSAR reveals coastal subsidence in the Pearl River Delta, China","volume":"191","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"7004","article-title":"Nonlinear subsidence at Fremantle, a long-recording tide gauge in the Southern Hemisphere","volume":"120","author":"Featherstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"53","article-title":"Anthropogenic land subsidence in the Perth Basin: Challenges for its retrospective geodetic detection","volume":"95","author":"Featherstone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. West. Aust."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Parker, A.L., Filmer, M.S., Featherstone, W.E., Pigois, J.P., and Lyon, T. (2016, January 12\u201316). Integrated geodetic monitoring of subsidence due to groundwater abstraction in the Perth Basin, Western Australia. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, American Geophysical Union, Fall General Assembly, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, A.L., Filmer, M.S., and Featherstone, W.E. (2017). First results from Sentinel-1A InSAR over Australia: Application to the Perth Basin. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030299"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB015705","article-title":"On the use of repeat leveling for the determination of vertical land motion: Artifacts, aliasing and extrapolation errors","volume":"123","author":"Lyon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Freij-Ayoub, R., Underschultz, J., Li, F., Trefry, C., Hennig, A., Otto, C., and McInnes, K. (2007). Simulation of Coastal Subsidence and Storm Wave Inundation Risk in the Gippsland Basin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.12.003","article-title":"Assessments of land subsidence in the Gippsland Basin of Australia using ALOS PALSAR data","volume":"159","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160410001712945","article-title":"The effect of savanna fires on SAR backscatter in northern Australia","volume":"25","author":"Menges","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1071\/WF03013","article-title":"A review of current space-based fire monitoring in Australia and the GOFC\/GOLD program for international coordination","volume":"12","author":"Justice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1071\/WF15059","article-title":"Fire severity estimation from space: A comparison of active and passive sensors and their synergy for different forest types","volume":"24","author":"Tanase","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.02.005","article-title":"Estimating prescribed fire impacts and post-fire tree survival in eucalyptus forests of Western Australia with L-band SAR data","volume":"224","author":"McCaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Copernicus EMS (2020, January 15). Torrington: Delineation Product, Monitoring 1, version 1, release 1, RTP Map #01. Available online: https:\/\/emergency.copernicus.eu\/mapping\/ems-product-component\/EMSR408_AOI04_DEL_MONIT01_r1_RTP01\/1."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Khokhar, I. (2014). Fire scar mapping using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. Western Australian Satellite Technology and Applications Consortium Annual Report, Western Australian Satellite Technology and Applications Consortium."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Athayde Pinto, C., Paradella, W.R., Mura, J.C., Gama, F.F., dos Santos, A.R., Silva, G.G., and Hartwig, M.E. (2015). Applying persistent scatterer interferometry for surface displacement mapping in the Azul open pit manganese mine (Amazon region) with TerraSAR-X StripMap data. J. Appl. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.9.095978"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Dight, P.M. Operational mine monitoring with InSAR. Proceedings of the First Asia Pacific Slope Stability in Mining Conference."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.01.021","article-title":"Integration of ground-based radar and satellite InSAR data for the analysis of an unexpected slope failure in an open-pit mine","volume":"235","author":"Farina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2010.07.004","article-title":"Mapping accumulated mine subsidence using small stack of SAR differential interferograms in the Southern coalfield of NSW, Australia","volume":"115","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iannacone, J.P., Corsini, A., Berti, M., Morgan, J., and Falorni, G. (2015). Characterization of Longwall Mining Induced Subsidence by Means of Automated Analysis of InSAR Time-Series. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09048-1_187"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Mine Subsidence Engineering Consultants (2020, July 15). Tahmoor Colliery\u2014Longwall 30, End of Panel Subsidence Monitoring Report for Tahmoor Longwall 30. Technical Report Number: MSEC902, Available online: http:\/\/www.simec.com\/media\/6336\/longwall-30-end-of-panel-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perspectives on the prediction of catastrophic slope failures from satellite InSAR","volume":"9","author":"Intrieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2020, July 15). Monitoring and Management of Subsidence Induced by Coal Seam Gas Extraction, Knowledge Report. Prepared by Coffey Ge-otechnics for the Department of the Environment, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, Available online: https:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/system\/files\/resources\/632cefef-0e25-4020-b337-80a9932d1c67\/files\/knowledge-report-csg-extraction_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Duro, J., Albiol, D., and Sabater, J. (2021, April 07). Baseline report on InSAR monitoring on the Surat-Bowen Basin. AL-051212_Basline_re- port_01.pdf. 2012, Altamira Infor-mation, Available online: http:\/\/eisdocs.dsdip.qld.gov.au\/Santos%20GLNG%20Gas%20Field%20Development\/EIS\/Appendices\/appendix-ae-e-ground-deformation-monitoring-and-management-plan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4864-y","article-title":"Multi-temporal SAR observations of the Surat Basin in Australia for deformation scenario evaluation associated with man-made interactions","volume":"75","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/08120099.2015.1040073","article-title":"A regional geodetic network to monitor ground surface response to resource extraction in the northern Surat Basin","volume":"62","author":"Garthwaite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qld. Aust. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Johnston, A.C., Coppersmith, K.J., Kanter, L.R., and Cornell, C.A. (1994). Seismotectonic interpretations conclusions from the stable continental region seismicity database. The Earthquakes of Stable Continental Regions, Volume 1-Assessment of Large Earthquake Potential, Electric Power Research Institute. TR-102261-V1."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02554.x","article-title":"An updated global earthquake catalogue for stable continental regions: Reassessing the correlation with ancient rifts","volume":"161","author":"Schulte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1785\/0120050193","article-title":"One hundred years of earthquake recording in Australia","volume":"98","author":"Leonard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, T.R., Quigley, M., and Clark, D. (2019). Surface-rupturing historical earthquakes in Australia and their environmental effects: New insights from re-analyses of observational data. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9100408"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talwani, P. (2014). Intraplate earthquakes in Australia. Intraplate Earthquakes, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139628921"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005209","article-title":"Uncertainty analysis of earthquake source parameters determined from InSAR: A simulation study","volume":"112","author":"Dawson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.5194\/se-11-691-2020","article-title":"Surface defomation relating to the 2018 Lake Muir earthquake sequence, southwest Western Australia: New insights into stable continental region earthquakes","volume":"11","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, J., Cummins, P., Tregoning, P., and Leonard, M. (2008). Shallow intraplate earthquakes in Western Australia observed by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JB005807"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Bekaert, D.P., Karim, M., Linick, J.P., Hua, H., Sangha, S., Lucas, M., Malarout, N., Agram, P.S., Pan, L., and Owen, S.E. (2019, January 9\u201313). Development of open-access Standardized InSAR Displacement Products by the Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) Project for Natural Hazards. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting 2019, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazeck\u00fd, M., Spaans, K., Gonz\u00e1lez, P.J., Maghsoudi, Y., Morishita, Y., Albino, F., Elliott, J., Greenall, N., Hatton, E., and Hooper, A. (2020). LiCSAR: An automatic InSAR tool for measuring and monitoring tectonic and volcanic activity. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152430"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.03.021","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility and hazard mapping in Australia for land-use planning\u2014With reference to challenges in metropolitan suburbia","volume":"102","author":"Leventhal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.10.016","article-title":"Evidence of debris flow occurrence after wildfire in upland catchments of south-east Australia","volume":"125","author":"Nyman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20164946","article-title":"River morphology monitoring using multitemporal SAR data: Preliminary results","volume":"49","author":"Mitidieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshammari, L., Boyd, D.S., Sowter, A., Marshall, C., Andersen, R., Gilbert, P., Marsh, S., and Large, D.J. (2020). Use of Surface Motion Characteristics Determined by InSAR to Assess Peatland Condition. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JG004953"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2702099","article-title":"Soil moisture estimation using differential radar interferometry: Toward separating soil moisture and displacements","volume":"55","author":"Zwieback","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bui, L.K., Featherstone, W.E., and Filmer, M.S. (2020). Disruptive influences of residual noise, network configuration and data gaps on InSAR-derived land motion rates using the SBAS technique. Remote Sens. Environ., 247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111941"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.05.016","article-title":"The relationship between intermittent coherence and precision of ISBAS InSAR ground motion velocities: ERS-1\/2 case studies in the UK","volume":"202","author":"Cigna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, A., Lacey, J., Mecklenburg, S., Ross, J., Siqueira, A., Killough, B., Szantoi, Z., Tadono, T., Rosenqvist, A., and Goryl, P. (2018). CEOS Analysis Ready Data for Land (CARD4L) Overview. IGARSS 2018\u20132018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8519255"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Clark, D., McPherson, A., Pillans, B., White, D., and Macfarlane, D. (2017, January 24\u201326). Potential geologic sources of seismic hazard in Australia\u2019s south-eastern highlands: What do we know?. Proceedings of the Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2017 Conference, Canberra, ACT, Australia."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Department of Environment and Primary Industries (2020, July 15). Trial of Satellite Radar Interferometry (InSAR) to Monitor Subsidence along the Gippsland Coast, State Government of Victoria, Available online: https:\/\/trove.nla.gov.au\/work\/222000935."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Fuhrmann, T., Gathwaite, M.C., Lawrie, S., and Brown, N. (2018, January 5\u20137). Combination of GNSS and InSAR for future Australian Datums. Proceedings of the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Association IGNSS Symposium 2018, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggv328","article-title":"Estimation of small surface displacements in the Upper Rhine Graben area from a combined analysis of PS-InSAR, levelling and GNSS data","volume":"203","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11841","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL084915","article-title":"The Potential for Unifying Global-Scale Satellite Measurements of Ground Displacements Using Radio Telescopes","volume":"46","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10191","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR024295","article-title":"Glacial melt and potential impacts on water resources in the Canadian Rocky Mountains","volume":"55","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellazzi, P., Chopping, R., and Brouard, C. (October, January 26). Mining Exports and Climate Variability Influencing Grace-Derived Water Storage Trend Estimates in Australia. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2020\u20132020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS39084.2020.9323987"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2008.08.008","article-title":"Modelling interactions and feedback mechanisms between land use change and landscape processes","volume":"129","author":"Claessens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"7","article-title":"Optical and SAR sensor synergies for forest and land cover mapping in a tropical site in West Africa","volume":"21","author":"Liesenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2019.1596757","article-title":"Fusion of Sentinel-1 data with Sentinel-2 products to overcome non-favourable atmospheric conditions for the delineation of inundation maps","volume":"53","author":"Manakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagensieker, R., and Waske, B. (2018). Evaluation of Multi-Frequency SAR Images for Tropical Land Cover Mapping. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020257"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Allen, A. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, A., Zhou, Z.-S., Held, A., Brindle, L., and Rosenqvist, A. (October, January 26). New Insights from Australia\u2019s Synthetic Aperture Radar Capability, NovaSAR-1. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2020-2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS39084.2020.9324248"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1422\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:26:31Z","timestamp":1760361991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13081422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13081422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]}}}