{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:24:33Z","timestamp":1791847473401,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Singapore\u2019s National Research Foundation","award":["FI 370074016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI 370074016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The microclimatic conditions of the urban environment influence significantly the thermal comfort of human beings. One of the main human biometeorology parameters of thermal comfort is the Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt), which quantifies effective radiative flux reaching a human body. Simulation tools have proven useful to analyze the radiative behavior of an urban space and its impact on the inhabitants. We present a new method to produce detailed modeling of Tmrt spatial distribution using the 3-D Discrete Anisotropic Radiation Transfer model (DART). Our approach is capable to simulate Tmrt at different scales and under a range of parameters including the urban pattern, surface material of ground, walls, roofs, and properties of the vegetation (coverage, shape, spectral signature, Leaf Area Index and Leaf Area Density). The main advantages of our method are found in (1) the fine treatment of radiation in both short-wave and long-wave domains, (2) detailed specification of optical properties of urban surface materials and of vegetation, (3) precise representation of the vegetation component, and (4) capability to assimilate 3-D inputs derived from multisource remote sensing data. We illustrate and provide a first evaluation of the method in Singapore, a tropical city experiencing strong Urban Heat Island effect (UHI) and seeking to enhance the outdoor thermal comfort. The comparison between DART modelled and field estimated Tmrt shows good agreement in our study site under clear-sky condition over a time period from 10:00 to 19:00 (R2 = 0.9697, RMSE = 3.3249). The use of a 3-D radiative transfer model shows promising capability to study urban microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort with increasing landscape details, and to build linkage to remote sensing data. Our methodology has the potential to contribute towards optimizing climate-sensitive urban design when combined with the appropriate tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T21:27:44Z","timestamp":1617917264000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Modeling Mean Radiant Temperature Distribution in Urban Landscapes Using DART"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Dissegna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore ETH Center, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore"},{"name":"Chair of Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2149-6004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiangang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore ETH Center, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lauret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO)\u2014UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31401 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2831-3864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore\u2013MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Gastellu-Etchegorry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO)\u2014UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31401 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-9503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienne","family":"Gr\u00eat-Regamey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore ETH Center, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore"},{"name":"Chair of Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fanger, P.O. 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