{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:00:53Z","timestamp":1781701253552,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China Program","award":["32071655; 31570536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071655; 31570536"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estimating the fractional coverage of the photosynthetic vegetation (fPV) and non-photosynthetic vegetation (fNPV) is essential for assessing the growth conditions of vegetation growth in arid areas and for monitoring environmental changes and desertification. The aim of this study was to estimate the fPV, fNPV and the fractional coverage of the bare soil (fBS) in the lower reaches of Tarim River quantitatively. The study acquired field data during September 2020 for obtaining the fPV, fNPV and fBS. Firstly, six photosynthetic vegetation indices (PVIs) and six non-photosynthetic vegetation indices (NPVIs) were calculated from Sentinel-2A image data. The PVIs include normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), reduced simple ratio index (RSR) and global environment monitoring index (GEMI). Meanwhile, normalized difference index (NDI), normalized difference tillage index (NDTI), normalized difference senescent vegetation index (NDSVI), soil tillage index (STI), shortwave infrared ratio (SWIR32) and dead fuel index (DFI) constitutes the NPVIs. We then established linear regression model of different PVIs and fPV, and NPVIs and fNPV, respectively. Finally, we applied the GEMI-DFI model to analyze the spatial and seasonal variation of fPV and fNPV in the study area in 2020. The results showed that the GEMI and fPV revealed the best correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.59, while DFI and fNPV had the best correlation of R2 = 0.45. The accuracy of fPV, fNPV and fBS based on the determined PVIs and NPVIs as calculated by GEMI-DFI model are 0.69, 0.58 and 0.43, respectively. The fPV and fNPV are consistent with the vegetation phonological development characteristics in the study area. The study concluded that the application of the GEMI-DFI model in the fPV and fNPV estimation was sufficiently significant for monitoring the spatial and seasonal variation of vegetation and its ecological functions in arid areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"1458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Estimation of Photosynthetic and Non-Photosynthetic Vegetation Coverage in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River Based on Sentinel-2A Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengkun","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alishir","family":"Kurban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdimijit","family":"Ablekim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shupu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9324-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Van de Voorde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5108-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe De","family":"Maeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edovia","family":"Dufatanye Umwali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novillo, C., Arrogante-Funes, P., and Romero-Calcerrada, R. 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