{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T07:25:49Z","timestamp":1766820349946,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["101832020CX232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101832020CX232"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41972267","41977221","41572257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41972267","41977221","41572257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landslides cause huge damage to social economy and human beings every year. Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) occupies an important position in land use and risk management. This study is to investigate a hybrid model which makes full use of the advantage of supervised learning model (SLM) and unsupervised learning model (ULM). Firstly, ten continuous variables were used to develop a ULM which consisted of factor analysis (FA) and k-means cluster for a preliminary landslide susceptibility map. Secondly, 351 landslides with \u201c1\u201d label were collected and the same number of non-landslide samples with \u201c0\u201d label were selected from the very low susceptibility area in the preliminary map, constituting a new priori condition for a SLM, and thirteen factors were used for the modeling of gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) which represented for SLM. Finally, the performance of different models was verified using related indexes. The results showed that the performance of the pretreated GBDT model was improved with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the area under the curve (AUC) values of 88.60%, 92.59%, 90.60% and 0.976, respectively. It can be concluded that a pretreated model with strong robustness can be constructed by increasing the purity of samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Hybrid Model Consisting of Supervised and Unsupervised Learning for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhu","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9143-225X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaleem","family":"Ullah Jan Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.415","article-title":"The human cost of global warning: Deadly landslides and their triggers (1995\u20132014)","volume":"682","author":"Haque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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