{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:44:36Z","timestamp":1785977076653,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010896","name":"International Cooperation and Exchange Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41961144019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961144019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010896","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil moisture is a reliable water resource for plant growth in arid and semi-arid regions. Characterizing the interaction between soil moisture and vegetation is important for assessing the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems. This study explores the spatiotemporal characteristics of four soil moisture layers (layer 1: 0\u20137 cm, layer 2: 7\u201328 cm, layer 3: 28\u2013100 cm, and layer 4: 100\u2013289 cm) and the time-lagged correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for different vegetation types on an intra-annual scale on the Mongolian Plateau (MP). The most significant results indicated that: (1) the four layers of soil moisture can be roughly divided into rapid change (layers 1 and 2), active (layer 3), and stable (layer 4) layers. The soil moisture content in the different vegetation regions was forest &gt; grassland &gt; desert vegetation. (2) The soil moisture in layer 1 showed the strongest positive correlation with NDVI in the whole area; meanwhile, the soil moisture of layers 2 and 3 showed the strongest negative correlation with the NDVI mainly in grassland and desert, and layer 4 showed the strongest negative correlation with the NDVI in the forest. (3) Mutual responses of NDVI and deep layer soil moisture required a longer time compared with the shallow layer. In the annual time scale, the NDVI was affected by the change in soil moisture in most of the study area, except for coniferous forest and desert vegetation regions. (4) Under the different stages of vegetation change, the soil moisture changes advance than NDVI about 3 months during the greening stage, while the NDVI changes advance than soil moisture by 0.5 months during the browning stage. Regardless of the stage, changes in soil moisture are initiated from the shallow layer and advance to the deep layer. The results of this study provide deep insight into the relationship between soil moisture and vegetation in arid and semi-arid regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T21:35:13Z","timestamp":1618522513000},"page":"1527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Time-Lagged Correlation between Soil Moisture and Intra-Annual Dynamics of Vegetation on the Mongolian Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risu","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbin","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133310386514","article-title":"Soil moisture: A central and unifying theme in physical geography","volume":"35","author":"Legates","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. 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