{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T02:06:33Z","timestamp":1773367593001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001627","name":"Marine Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marine Research Programme by the Irish Government Cruise CE19007 Backscatter and Biodiversity of Shelf Sea Habitats (BaBioSSH) survey"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marine Research Programme by the Irish Government Cruise CE19007 Backscatter and Biodiversity of Shelf Sea Habitats (BaBioSSH) survey"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001632","name":"Ulster University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD studentship through Vice Chancellor Research Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD studentship through Vice Chancellor Research Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Staffing was supported through the Marine Protected Areas: Monitoring and Management (MarPAMM) project, which is supported by European Union\u2019s INTERREG VA Programme, managed by the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPM), with matching funding from the Governm","award":["MARPAMM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MARPAMM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic methods are routinely used to provide broad scale information on the geographical distribution of benthic marine habitats and sedimentary environments. Although single-frequency multibeam echosounder surveys have dominated seabed characterisation for decades, multifrequency approaches are now gaining favour in order to capture different frequency responses from the same seabed type. The aim of this study is to develop a robust modelling framework for testing the potential application and value of multifrequency (30, 95, and 300 kHz) multibeam backscatter responses to characterize sediments\u2019 grain size in an area with strong geomorphological gradients and benthic ecological variability. We fit a generalized linear model on a multibeam backscatter and its derivatives to examine the explanatory power of single-frequency and multifrequency models with respect to the mean sediment grain size obtained from the grab samples. A strong and statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) correlation between the mean backscatter and the absolute values of the mean sediment grain size for the data was noted. The root mean squared error (RMSE) values identified the 30 kHz model as the best performing model responsible for explaining the most variation (84.3%) of the mean grain size at a statistically significant output (p &lt; 0.05) with an adjusted r2 = 0.82. Overall, the single low-frequency sources showed a marginal gain on the multifrequency model, with the 30 kHz model driving the significance of this multifrequency model, and the inclusion of the higher frequencies diminished the level of agreement. We recommend further detailed and sufficient ground-truth data to better predict sediment properties and to discriminate benthic habitats to enhance the reliability of multifrequency backscatter data for the monitoring and management of marine protected areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T21:35:13Z","timestamp":1618522513000},"page":"1539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Examining the Links between Multi-Frequency Multibeam Backscatter Data and Sediment Grain Size"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-8259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Mzungu","family":"Runya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0262-0559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"McGonigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0453-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science &amp; Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, England, UK"}]},{"given":"Clive","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT521SA, Northern Ireland, UK"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"O\u2019Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries &amp; Aquatic Ecosystems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries &amp; Aquatic Ecosystems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Abernethy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal National Lifeboat Institution, West Quay Road, Poole BH15 1HZ, England, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2020.107728","article-title":"Seafloor Habitat Mapping Using Multibeam Bathymetric and Backscatter Intensity Multi-Features SVM Classification Framework","volume":"174","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaida, T.C., Mohammadloo, T.H., Snellen, M., and Simons, D.G. (2020). Mapping the Seabed and Shallow Subsurface with Multi-Frequency Multibeam Echosounders. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010052"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-017-9315-6","article-title":"Recommendations for Improved and Coherent Acquisition and Processing of Backscatter Data from Seafloor-Mapping Sonars","volume":"39","author":"Lamarche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11378","article-title":"Spatial Scale and Geographic Context in Benthic Habitat Mapping: Review and Future Directions","volume":"535","author":"Lecours","year":"2015","journal-title":"MEPS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2011.02.007","article-title":"Benthic Habitat Mapping: A Review of Progress towards Improved Understanding of the Spatial Ecology of the Seafloor Using Acoustic Techniques","volume":"92","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lurton, X., and Lamarche, G. (2021, January 15). Backscatter Measurements by Seafloor-mapping Sonars: Guidelines and Recommendations. In Geohab Report. Available online: https:\/\/niwa.co.nz\/static\/BWSG_REPORT_MAY2015_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-18-00103.1","article-title":"Multispectral Acoustic Backscatter: How Useful Is It for Marine Habitat Mapping and Management?","volume":"35","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldens, P., Schulze, I., Papenmeier, S., Sch\u00f6nke, M., and von Deimling, J.S. (2018). Improved Interpretation of Marine Sedimentary Environments Using Multi-Frequency Multibeam Backscatter Data. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8060214"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaida, T.C., Ali, T.A.T., Snellen, M., Amiri-Simkooei, A., van Dijk, T.A.G.P., and Simons, D.G. (2018). A Multispectral Bayesian Classification Method for Increased Acoustic Discrimination of Seabed Sediments Using Multi-Frequency Multibeam Backscatter Data. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8120455"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Huvenne, V.A.I., Huhnerbach, V., Blondel, P., Gomez Sichi, O., and Le Bas, T. (2007, January 25\u201329). Detailed Mapping of Shallow-Water Environments Using Image Texture Analysis on Sidescan Sonar And Multibeam Backscatter Imagery. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference & Exhibition on \u201cUnderwater Acoustic Measurements: Technologies & Result\u201d, Heraklion, Greece."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2018.09.005","article-title":"Improving Marine Habitat Mapping Using High-Resolution Acoustic Data; A Predictive Habitat Map for the Firth of Lorn, Scotland","volume":"168","author":"Boswarva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, C., Beaudoin, J., Brissette, M., and Gazzola, V. (2017, January 26). Setting the Stage for Multi-Spectral Acoustic Backscatter Research. Proceedings of the United States Hydrographic Conference, Galveston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.4095\/305838"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamsett, D., McIlvenny, J., and Watts, A. (2016). Colour Sonar: Multi-Frequency Sidescan Sonar Images of the Seabed in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth, Scotland. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse4010026"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.05.025","article-title":"Interlinking Backscatter, Grain Size and Benthic Community Structure","volume":"147","author":"McGonigle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, C.J., Beaudoin, J., Brissette, M., and Gazzola, V. (2019). Multispectral Multibeam Echo Sounder Backscatter as a Tool for Improved Seafloor Characterization. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9030126"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2018.04.028","article-title":"Object-Based Classification of Sub-Bottom Profiling Data for Benthic Habitat Mapping. Comparison with Sidescan and RoxAnn in a Greek Shallow-Water Habitat","volume":"208","author":"Fakiris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-017-9323-6","article-title":"Seafloor Change Detection Using Multibeam Echosounder Backscatter: Case Study on the Belgian Part of the North Sea","volume":"39","author":"Roche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-017-9338-z","article-title":"Combining Pixel and Object Based Image Analysis of Ultra-High Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry and Backscatter for Habitat Mapping in Shallow Marine Waters","volume":"39","author":"Ierodiaconou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2011.12.004","article-title":"Mapping of Mangrove Forest Land Cover Change along the Kenya Coastline Using Landsat Imagery","volume":"83","author":"Kirui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020887204285","article-title":"The use of remote sensing and gis in the sustainable management of tropical coastal ecosystems each of these habitats is formed by species that are to a large extent adapted to trop-intertidal forests that are composed of halotolerant plant species","volume":"4","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.039","article-title":"Challenges and Opportunities for Geostationary Ocean Colour Remote Sensing of Regional Seas: A Review of Recent Results","volume":"146","author":"Ruddick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-017-9331-6","article-title":"Multisource Multibeam Backscatter Data: Developing a Strategy for the Production of Benthic Habitat Maps Using Semi-Automated Seafloor Classification Methods","volume":"39","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JF004302","article-title":"Compositional Signatures in Acoustic Backscatter Over Vegetated and Unvegetated Mixed Sand-Gravel Riverbeds","volume":"122","author":"Buscombe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.11.026","article-title":"Mapping Benthic Habitat in Regions of Gradational Substrata: An Automated Approach Utilising Geophysical, Geological, and Biological Relationships","volume":"78","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2004.11.011","article-title":"Correlation of Sidescan Backscatter with Grain Size Distribution of Surficial Seabed Sediments","volume":"214","author":"Collier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2012.11.001","article-title":"Do Marine Substrates \u201clook\u201d and \u201cSound\u201d the Same? Supervised Classification of Multibeam Acoustic Data Using Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Images","volume":"117","author":"Lucieer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1515\/ohs-2018-0024","article-title":"Seafloor Mapping Based on Multibeam Echosounder Bathymetry and Backscatter Data Using Object-Based Image Analysis: A Case Study from the Rewal Site, the Southern Baltic","volume":"47","author":"Janowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buscombe, D., and Grams, P.E. (2018). Probabilistic Substrate Classification with Multispectral Acoustic Backscatter: A Comparison of Discriminative and Generative Models. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0107.v1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fakiris, E., Blondel, P., Papatheodorou, G., Christodoulou, D., Dimas, X., Georgiou, N., Kordella, S., Dimitriadis, C., Rzhanov, Y., and Geraga, M. (2019). Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats-Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040461"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2756258","article-title":"Sensitivity of Texture Parameters to Acoustic Incidence Angle in Multibeam Backscatter","volume":"14","author":"Feldens","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"MARPAMM (2020, December 19). Marine Protected Area Management & Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/www.mpa-management.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Long, D. (2006). BGS Detailed Explanation of Seabed Sediment Modified Folk Classification, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. MESH Report."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Evans, W. (2018). Hydrodynamic Modelling of Sediment Transport and Bedform Formation on the NW Irish Shelf. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ulster University]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Picton, B., and Costello, M.J. (1998). BioMar Biotope Viewer: A Guide to Marine Habitats, Fauna and Flora of Britain and Ireland, Environmental Sciences Unit Trinity College."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"NPWS (2021, March 15). Hempton\u2019s Turbot Bank SAC (Site Code: 2999) Conservation Objectives Supporting Document\u2014Marine Habitats; Version 1; 2015. Available online: https:\/\/www.npws.ie\/protected-sites\/sac\/002999."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2014.956820","article-title":"Bedforms on the Northwest Irish Shelf: Indication of Modern Active Sediment Transport and over Printing of Paleo-Glacial Sedimentary Deposits","volume":"11","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(99)00085-8","article-title":"Offshore Sand Bank Dynamics","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1029\/JC083iC09p04607","article-title":"Fronts on the Continental Shelf","volume":"83","author":"Simpson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupidura, P. (2019). The Comparison of Different Methods of Texture Analysis for Their Efficacy for Land Use Classification in Satellite Imagery. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101233"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-27-2019","article-title":"Support Vector Machine and Decision Tree Based Classification of Side-Scan Sonar Mosaics Using Textural Features","volume":"42","author":"Febriawan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314","article-title":"Textural Features for Image Classification","volume":"6","author":"Haralick","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5589\/m02-004","article-title":"An Analysis of Co-Occurence Texture Statistics as a Function of Grey Level Quantization","volume":"28","author":"Clausi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x","article-title":"A Protocol for Data Exploration to Avoid Common Statistical Problems","volume":"1","author":"Zuur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-019-01827-3","article-title":"Using 3D Photogrammetry from ROV Video to Quantify Cold-Water Coral Reef Structural Complexity and Investigate Its Influence on Biodiversity and Community Assemblage","volume":"38","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1973.10489095","article-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Cooley","year":"1973","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09391","article-title":"Species Distribution Modelling of Marine Benthos: A North Sea Case Study","volume":"442","author":"Reiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"MEPS"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"215","article-title":"Predicting Species Distribution Combining Multi-Scale Drivers","volume":"12","author":"Fournier","year":"2017","journal-title":"GECCO"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2020.106239","article-title":"Spectral Features of Dual-Frequency Multibeam Echosounder Data for Benthic Habitat Mapping","volume":"427","author":"Trzcinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnum.2016.04.009","article-title":"Generalized Linear Multistep Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations","volume":"114","author":"Izzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Numer. Math."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-014-5440-5","article-title":"Model Selection in Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) Using Information Complexity as the Fitness Function","volume":"101","author":"Koc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2019.1685198","article-title":"Understanding Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Using Sentinel 2 Imagery and Spatial Prediction Models","volume":"57","author":"Casal","year":"2020","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2011.11.011","article-title":"Deep-Water Geomorphology of the Glaciated Irish Margin from High-Resolution Marine Geophysical Data","volume":"291\u2013294","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JC013638","article-title":"Using Multibeam Backscatter Data to Investigate Sediment-Acoustic Relationships","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Clarke, J.E.H. (2015, January 16\u201319). Multispectral Acoustic Backscatter from Multibeam, Improved Classification Potential. Proceedings of the United States Hydrographic Conference, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misiuk, B., Brown, C.J., and Robert, K. (2020). Harmonizing Multi-Source Sonar Backscatter Datasets for Seabed Mapping Using Bulk Shift Approaches. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040601"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misiuk, B., Diesing, M., Aitken, A., Brown, C.J., Edinger, E.N., and Bell, T. (2019). A Spatially Explicit Comparison of Quantitative and Categorical Modelling Approaches for Mapping Seabed Sediments Using Random Forest. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9060254"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-018-3751-4","article-title":"Geostatistical Modelling of Multibeam Backscatter for Full-Coverage Seabed Sediment Maps","volume":"845","author":"Gaida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1539\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:48:34Z","timestamp":1760161714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13081539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13081539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]}}}