{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:47:10Z","timestamp":1779335230096,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many factors can influence the displacements of a dam, including water level variability and environmental temperatures, in addition to the dam composition. In this work, optical-based classification, thermal diachronic analysis, and a quasi-PS (Persistent Scatter) Interferometric SAR technique have been applied to determine both forcing factors and resulting displacements of the crest of the Castello dam (South Italy) over a one-year time period. The dataset includes Sentinel-1A images acquired in Interferometric Wide swath mode using the Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans SAR (TOPSAR); Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) thermal images, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for interpreting the motion of the top of the dam retrieved via interferometry. Results suggest that it is possible to monitor both dam water level and temperature periodic forcing factors and resulting displacements via a synergistic use of different satellite images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T06:35:53Z","timestamp":1618814153000},"page":"1543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Toward a Comprehensive Dam Monitoring: On-Site and Remote-Retrieved Forcing Factors and Resulting Displacements (GNSS and PS\u2013InSAR)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2778-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maltese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering (DI), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Pipitone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering (DI), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8458-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gino","family":"Dardanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering (DI), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8823-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Capodici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering (DI), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5077-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Peter","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), Imaging Group, Department of Space &amp; Climate Physics, University College London (UCL), Holmbury St. Mary RH5 6NT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.01.022","article-title":"Monitoring an Earthfill Dam Using Differential SAR Interferometry: La Pedrera Dam, Alicante, Spain","volume":"157","author":"Cano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. 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