{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T20:39:52Z","timestamp":1764103192256,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Parthenope University of Naples","award":["DSTE315B CUP I62I15000090005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSTE315B CUP I62I15000090005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pan-sharpening methods allow the transfer of higher resolution panchromatic images to multispectral ones concerning the same scene. Different approaches are available in the literature, and only a part of these approaches is included in remote sensing software for automatic application. In addition, the quality of the results supplied by a specific method varies according to the characteristics of the scene; for consequence, different algorithms must be compared to find the best performing one. Nevertheless, pan-sharpening methods can be applied using GIS basic functions in the absence of specific pan-sharpening tools, but this operation is expensive and time-consuming. This paper aims to explain the approach implemented in Quantum GIS (QGIS) for automatic pan-sharpening of Pl\u00e9iades images. The experiments are carried out on data concerning the Greek island named Lesbo. In total, 14 different pan-sharpening methods are applied to reduce pixel dimensions of the four multispectral bands from 2 m to 0.5 m. The automatic procedure involves basic functions already included in GIS software; it also permits the evaluation of the quality of the resulting images supplying the values of appropriate indices. The results demonstrate that the approach provides the user with the highest performing method every time, so the best possible fused products are obtained with minimal effort in a reduced timeframe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T06:35:53Z","timestamp":1618814153000},"page":"1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Automation of Pan-Sharpening Methods for Pl\u00e9iades Images Using GIS Basic Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5982-9719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Alcaras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International PhD Programme \u201cEnvironment, Resources and Sustainable Development\u201d, Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIST\u2014Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5565-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Vallario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIST\u2014Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-5-W1-475-2017","article-title":"Geomatic Methodologies for The Study of Teatro Massimo in Palermo (Italy)","volume":"XLII-5\/W1","author":"Dardanelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s002670010258","article-title":"Modeling Urban Growth Effects on Surface Runoff with the Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS","volume":"28","author":"Weng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.04.017","article-title":"Assessments of urban growth in the Tampa Bay watershed using remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Xian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3189\/172756402781817941","article-title":"The new remote-sensing-derived Swiss glacier inventory: II. First results","volume":"34","author":"Paul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumhoer, C.A., Dietz, A.J., Dech, S., and Kuenzer, C. (2018). Remote Sensing of Antarctic Glacier and Ice-Shelf Front Dynamics\u2014A Review. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091445"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2008.10.006","article-title":"Regional desertification: A global synthesis","volume":"64","author":"Tottrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, B., Shi, P., Fu, H., Ninomiya, Y., and Du, J. (August, January 28). Geological Mapping Using Multispectral Remote Sensing Data in the Western China. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8898880"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtw005","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of grasslands: From observation to management","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mardian, J. (2020). Evaluating the utility of remote sensing time series analysis for the identification of grassland conversions in Alberta, Canada. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Guelph]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.10.006","article-title":"An active-fire based burned area mapping algorithm for the MODIS sensor","volume":"113","author":"Giglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"94","article-title":"Satellite-based automated burned area detection: A performance assessment of the MODIS MCD45A1 in the Brazilian savanna","volume":"36","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5721\/ItJRS20104234","article-title":"Three-dimensional multispectral classification and its application to early seismic damage assessment","volume":"42","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20144724","article-title":"Automatic three-dimensional features extraction: The case study of L\u2019Aquila for collapse identification after April 06, 2009 earthquake","volume":"47","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Achilli, V., Fabris, M., Menin, A., Monego, M., Tessari, G., and Floris, M. (2021). Combining Sentinel-1 Interferometry and Ground-Based Geomatics Techniques for Monitoring Buildings Affected by Mass Movements. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030452"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8724","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1490977","article-title":"Estimation of land subsidence in deltaic areas through differential SAR inter-ferometry: The Po River Delta case study (Northeast Italy)","volume":"39","author":"Fiaschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Specht, M., Specht, C., Lewicka, O., Makar, A., Burdziakowski, P., and D\u0105browski, P. (2020). Study on the Coastline Evolution in Sopot (2008\u20132018) Based on Landsat Satellite Imagery. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8060464"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2016.91.99","article-title":"Very High Resolution Optical Satellites: An Overview of the Most Commonly used","volume":"13","author":"Maglione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"673","article-title":"Pan-sharpening Worldview-2: IHS, Brovey and Zhang methods in comparison","volume":"8","author":"Maglione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arablouei, R. (2018). Fusing Multiple Multiband Images. J. Imaging, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging4100118"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.907604","article-title":"Optimal MMSE Pan Sharpening of Very High Resolution Multispectral Images","volume":"46","author":"Garzelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X.-Z., Wang, P., and Zang, Y.-B. (2009, January 20\u201322). Application of SPOT 5 data fusion on investigating the ecological environment of mining area. Proceedings of the 2009 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URS.2009.5137594"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/19479830903561035","article-title":"Multi-source remote sensing data fusion: Status and trends","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2016.03.003","article-title":"A review of remote sensing image fusion methods","volume":"32","author":"Ghassemian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekrecka, A., and Kedzierski, M. (2018). Integration of Satellite Data with High Resolution Ratio: Improvement of Spectral Quality with Preserving Spatial Details. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124418"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kizel, F., and Benediktsson, J.A. (2020). Spatially Enhanced Spectral Unmixing Through Data Fusion of Spectral and Visible Images from Different Sensors. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081255"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i1.8810","article-title":"IT tools for the management of multi\u2014Representation geographical information","volume":"7","author":"Falchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"6","article-title":"Positional accuracy testing of Google Earth","volume":"4","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Shah, V.P., Younan, N.H., and King, R.L. (2017, January 9). A novel method to evaluate the performance of pan-sharpening algorithms. Proceedings of the Defense and Security Symposium, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2272773","article-title":"An Area-Based Image Fusion Scheme for the Integration of SAR and Optical Satellite Imagery","volume":"6","author":"Byun","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1054960","article-title":"Detection of environmental hazards through the feature-based fusion of optical and SAR data: A case study in southern Italy","volume":"36","author":"Errico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2006.00353.x","article-title":"Road extraction based on fuzzy logic and mathematical morphology from pan-sharpened ikonos images","volume":"21","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phinzi, K., Abriha, D., Bertalan, L., Holb, I., and Szab\u00f3, S. (2020). Machine Learning for Gully Feature Extraction Based on a Pan-Sharpened Multispectral Image: Multiclass vs. Binary Approach. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040252"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Tomlin, D.C. (1990). GIS and Cartographic Modeling, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J., and Rhind, D.W. (2005). Geographic Information Systems and Science, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2020, September 25). Pitney Bowes, Mapbasic, Version 17.0, User Guide 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.pitneybowes.com\/content\/dam\/support\/software\/product-documentation\/public\/mapinfo-mapbasic\/v17-0-0\/en-us\/mapinfo-mapbasic-v17-0-0-user-guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"QGIS (2020, September 25). Welcome to the QGIS Project! Qgis. Available online: http:\/\/www.qgis.org\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.904923","article-title":"Comparison of Pansharpening Algorithms: Outcome of the 2006 GRS-S Data-Fusion Contest","volume":"45","author":"Alparone","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-016-0179-2","article-title":"Evaluation of pan-sharpening methods for spatial and spectral quality","volume":"9","author":"Pushparaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Jing, L., Wang, L., and Cheng, Q. (2016). Improved Pansharpening with Un-Mixing of Mixed MS Sub-Pixels near Boundaries between Vegetation and Non-Vegetation Objects. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020083"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2014.936528","article-title":"Pansharpening: From a generalised model perspective","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"295","article-title":"Comparison of three different methods to merge multiresolution and multispectral data- Landsat TM and SPOT panchromatic","volume":"57","author":"Chavez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Laben, C.A., and Brower, B.V. (2000). Process for Enhancing the Spatial Resolution of Multispectral Imagery Using Pan-Sharpening. United States Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, New York). (6,011,875), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Basaeed, E., Bhaskar, H., and Al-Mualla, M. (2013, January 9\u201312). Comparative analysis of pan-sharpening techniques on DubaiSat-1 images. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Fusion, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.5.565","article-title":"High-resolution image fusion: Methods to preserve spectral and spatial resolution","volume":"72","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"73","article-title":"Multispectral imagery advanced band sharpening study","volume":"66","author":"Vrabel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600750037499","article-title":"Smoothing Filter-based Intensity Modulation: A spectral preserve image fusion technique for improving spatial details","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s11045-015-0359-y","article-title":"Multi-resolution analysis techniques and nonlinear PCA for hybrid pansharpening applications","volume":"27","author":"Licciardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multidimens. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.825593","article-title":"Fusion of multispectral and panchromatic images using improved IHS and PCA mergers based on wavelet decomposition","volume":"42","author":"Saleta","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1109\/36.763274","article-title":"Multiresolution-based image fusion with additive wavelet decomposition","volume":"37","author":"Nunez","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803623","article-title":"Context-driven fusion of high spatial and spectral resolution images based on oversampled multiresolution analysis","volume":"40","author":"Aiazzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160601075483","article-title":"Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition for the fusion of multispectral and panchromatic images","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(01)00036-7","article-title":"A new look at IHS-like image fusion methods","volume":"2","author":"Tu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215748","article-title":"Review article Multisensor image fusion in remote sensing: Concepts, methods and applications","volume":"19","author":"Pohl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"657","article-title":"Understanding image fusion","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2004.834804","article-title":"A Fast Intensity\u2013Hue\u2013Saturation Fusion Technique with Spectral Adjustment for IKONOS Imagery","volume":"1","author":"Tu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"111","article-title":"Increasing geometric resolution of data supplied by Quickbird multispectral sensors","volume":"156","author":"Parente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"311","article-title":"Remote Sensing Image Fusion Approach Based on Brovey and Wavelets Transforms","volume":"303","author":"Gharbia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intell. Fuzzy Tech. Big Data Anal. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3020507","article-title":"Effects of Pansharpening on Vegetation Indices","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2007.896328","article-title":"On the Performance Evaluation of Pan-Sharpening Techniques","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"ESRI (2021, March 25). What Is Map Algebra?. Available online: https:\/\/desktop.arcgis.com\/en\/arcmap\/latest\/extensions\/spatial-analyst\/map-algebra\/what-is-map-algebra.htm."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"235","article-title":"Effect of pansharpened image on some of pixel based and object based classification accuracy","volume":"7","author":"Karakus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1699","article-title":"Comparison of the spectral information content of Landsat Thematic Mapper and SPOT for three different sites in the Phoenix, Arizona region","volume":"54","author":"Chavez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2361734","article-title":"A Critical Comparison Among Pansharpening Algorithms","volume":"53","author":"Vivone","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"98","article-title":"Improving SPOT images size and multispectral resolution. In Earth Remote Sensing Using the Landsat Thermatic Mapper and SPOT Sensor Systems","volume":"660","author":"Pradines","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Optics Photonics"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214578","article-title":"Pixel block intensity modulation: Adding spatial detail to TM band 6 thermal imagery","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110088772","article-title":"Liu \u2019Smoothing filter-based intensity modulation: A spectral preserve image fusion technique for improving spatial details","volume":"23","author":"Wald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Wald, L. (2002). Data Fusion: Definitions and Architectures: Fusion of Images of Different Spatial Resolutions, Les Presses de l\u2019\u00c9cole des Mines."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1983.1095851","article-title":"The Laplacian Pyramid as a Compact Image Code","volume":"31","author":"Burt","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiazzi, B., Baronti, S., and Selva, M. (2008). Image fusion through multiresolution oversampled decompositions. Image Fusion, 27\u201366.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372529-5.00002-0"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"116","article-title":"Fusion of 18 m MOMS-2P and 30 m Landsat TM multispectral data by the generalized Laplacian pyramid","volume":"32","author":"Aiazzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1249303","article-title":"Iterative scheme for MS image pansharpening based on the combination of multi-resolution decompositions","volume":"37","author":"Delleji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"155","article-title":"Fast and Efficient Panchromatic Sharpening","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2353135","article-title":"Fusion of MS and PAN Images Preserving Spectral Quality","volume":"12","author":"Shahdoosti","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"575","article-title":"Fusion of multisensory sensing data: Assessing the quality of resulting images","volume":"25","author":"Saroglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimzadeganasl, A., Alganci, U., and Goksel, C. (2019). An Approach for the Pan Sharpening of Very High Resolution Satellite Images Using a CIELab Color Based Component Substitution Algorithm. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235234"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, X., Li, J., Shen, H., Zhang, L., and Zhang, H. (2016). Pansharpening with a Guided Filter Based on Three-Layer Decomposition. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071068"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/97.995823","article-title":"A universal image quality index","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2004.836784","article-title":"A Global Quality Measurement of Pan-Sharpened Multispectral Imagery","volume":"1","author":"Alparone","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20154809","article-title":"Quality assessment of ten fusion techniques applied on Worldview-2","volume":"48","author":"Nikolakopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2009.2022650","article-title":"Hypercomplex Quality Assessment of Multi\/Hyperspectral Images","volume":"6","author":"Garzelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20144702","article-title":"Spectral and spatial quality analysis of pan-sharpening algorithms: A case study in Istanbul","volume":"47","author":"Sarp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1097","article-title":"A comparison of segmentation programs for high resolution remote sensing data","volume":"35","author":"Meinel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"12","article-title":"Measurement of quality preservation of pan-sharpened image","volume":"2","author":"Hegde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v6i3.7702","article-title":"Influence of the weights in IHS and Brovey methods for pan-sharpening WorldView-3 satellite images","volume":"6","author":"Parente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(01)00037-9","article-title":"Using the discrete wavelet frame transform to merge Landsat TM and SPOT panchromatic images","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215973","article-title":"A wavelet transform method to merge Landsat TM and SPOT panchromatic data","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Airbus Defence and Space Geo-Intelligence (2021, March 25). Pl\u00e9iades Spot the Detail. Available online: http:\/\/www.intelligence-airbusds.com\/files\/pmedia\/public\/r61_9_geo_011_pleiades_en_low.pdf."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"537","article-title":"Pleiades system architecture and main performances","volume":"XXXIX-B1","author":"Gleyzes","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"GRASS Development Team (2021, March 25). GRASS GIS 7.9.dev Reference Manual. Available online: https:\/\/grass.osgeo.org\/grass79\/manuals\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Gandhi, U. (2021, March 25). Automating Complex Workflows Using Processing Modeler, QGIS Tutorials. Available online: http:\/\/www.qgistutorials.com\/it\/docs\/processing_graphical_modeler.html."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Shapiro, M., and Westervelt, J.R. (1994). MAPCALC: An Algebra for GIS and Image Processing, Construction Engineering Research Lab."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Dodgson, J.S., Spackman, M., Pearman, A., and Phillips, L.D. (2009). Multi-Criteria Analysis: A Manual."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.05.009","article-title":"Wavelet based image fusion techniques\u2014An introduction, review and comparison","volume":"62","author":"Amolins","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1550\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:48:56Z","timestamp":1760161736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13081550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13081550","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]}}}