{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T09:21:01Z","timestamp":1770456061187,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-20-1-2680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-20-1-2680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freshwater (FW) flux between the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waterways, predominantly driven by wind and oceanic currents, influences halocline stability and annual sea ice variability which further impacts global circulation and climate. The Arctic recently experienced anomalous years of high and low sea ice extent in the summers of 2013\/2014 and 2012\/2016, respectively. Here we investigate the interannual variability of oceanic surface FW flux in relation to spatial and temporal variability in sea ice concentration (SIC), sea surface salinity (SSS), and sea surface temperature (SST), focusing on years with summer sea\u2013ice extremes. Our analysis between 2010\u20132018 illustrate high parameter variability, especially within the Laptev, Kara, and Barents seas, as well as an overall decreasing trend of FW flux through the Fram Strait. We find that in 2012, a maximum average FW flux of 0.32 \u00d7 103 ms\u22121 in October passed over a large portion of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean at 53\u00b0N. This study highlights recent changes in the Arctic and Subarctic Seas and the importance of continued monitoring of key variables through remote sensing to understand the dynamics behind these ongoing changes. Observations of FW fluxes through major Arctic routes will be increasingly important as the polar regions become more susceptible to warming, with major impacts on global climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T06:35:53Z","timestamp":1618814153000},"page":"1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Surface Freshwater Fluxes in the Arctic and Subarctic Seas during Contrasting Years of High and Low Summer Sea Ice Extent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulusu","family":"Subrahmanyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer S.","family":"Nyadjro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Samuelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, N-5006 Bergen, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-011-0211-z","article-title":"Ongoing Climate Change in the Arctic","volume":"40","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serreze, M.C., and Barry, R.G. (2011). Processes and Impacts of Arctic Amplification: A Research Synthesis. Glob. Planet. Chang., 77.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madhusoodanan, M.S., and Thompson, B. (2011). Decadal Variability of the Arctic Ocean Thermal Structure. Ocean Dyn., 61.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-011-0386-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serreze, M.C., Barrett, A.P., Stroeve, J.C., Kindig, D.N., and Holland, M.M. (2009). The Emergence of Surface-Based Arctic Amplification. Cryosphere, 3.","DOI":"10.5194\/tcd-2-601-2008"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Dixon, T.H., Myers, P.G., Bonin, J., Chambers, D., and van den Broeke, M.R. (2016). Recent Increases in Arctic Freshwater Flux Affects Labrador Sea Convection and Atlantic Overturning Circulation. Nat. Commun., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10525"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058121","article-title":"Arctic Ocean Basin Liquid Freshwater Storage Trend 1992\u20132012","volume":"41","author":"Rabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0237.1","article-title":"Recent Sea Ice Decline Did Not Significantly Increase the Total Liquid Freshwater Content of the Arctic Ocean","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodgate, R.A. (2005). Revising the Bering Strait Freshwater Flux into the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021747"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsubouchi, T., Bacon, S., Aksenov, Y., Naveira Garabato, A.C., Beszczynska-M\u00f6ller, A., Hansen, E., de Steur, L., Curry, B., and Lee, C.M. (2018). The Arctic Ocean Seasonal Cycles of Heat and Freshwater Fluxes: Observation-Based Inverse Estimates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48.","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-17-0239.1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmermans, M., and Marshall, J. (2020). Understanding Arctic Ocean Circulation: A Review of Ocean Dynamics in a Changing Climate. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014378"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClelland, J.W., Holmes, R.M., Dunton, K.H., and Macdonald, R.W. (2012). The Arctic Ocean Estuary. Estuaries Coasts, 35.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-010-9357-3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, N.J., Nilsson, J., and Pemberton, P. (2019). Arctic Ocean Freshwater Dynamics: Transient Response to Increasing River Runoff and Precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 124.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014923"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weatherly, J.W., and Walsh, J.E. (1996). The Effects of Precipitation and River Runoff in a Coupled Ice-Ocean Model of the Arctic. Clim. Dyn., 12.","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820050143"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077901","article-title":"Arctic Sea Ice Decline Significantly Contributed to the Unprecedented Liquid Freshwater Accumulation in the Beaufort Gyre of the Arctic Ocean","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haine, T.W.N., Curry, B., Gerdes, R., Hansen, E., Karcher, M., Lee, C., Rudels, B., Spreen, G., de Steur, L., and Stewart, K.D. (2015). Arctic Freshwater Export: Status, Mechanisms, and Prospects. Glob. Planet. Chang., 125.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2014.11.013"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, J., Kumar, A., and Mohan, R. (2020). Dramatic Decline of Arctic Sea Ice Linked to Global Warming. Nat. Hazards, 103.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-04064-y"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comiso, J.C., Parkinson, C.L., Gersten, R., and Stock, L. (2008). Accelerated Decline in the Arctic Sea Ice Cover. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031972"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11463","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025161","article-title":"Summer Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies over the Arctic Ocean and Their Influences on September Sea Ice Extent: A Cautionary Tale","volume":"121","author":"Serreze","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, J.L., Peng, G., Meier, W.N., and Brown, O. (2020). Sensitivity of Arctic Sea Ice Extent to Sea Ice Concentration Threshold Choice and Its Implication to Ice Coverage Decadal Trends and Statistical Projections. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050807"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkinson, C.L., and Cavalieri, D.J. (2008). Arctic Sea Ice Variability and Trends, 1979\u20132006. J. Geophys. Res., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004558"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Michon, S. (2021, February 19). Arctic Sea Ice Minimum Second Lowest on Record|NOAA Climate.gov, Available online: https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/featured-images\/2020-arctic-sea-ice-minimum-second-lowest-record."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, J.A., and Wu, B. (2020). Why Has No New Record-Minimum Arctic Sea-Ice Extent Occurred since September 2012?. Environ. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abc047"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., and Key, J.R. (2014). Less Winter Cloud Aids Summer 2013 Arctic Sea Ice Return from 2012 Minimum. Environ. Res. Lett., 9.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/4\/044002"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Gerland, S., Hendricks, S., Krumpen, T., and Haas, C. (2021, February 19). Sea Ice, Available online: https:\/\/www.arctic.noaa.gov\/Report-Card\/Report-Card-2016\/ArtMID\/5022\/ArticleID\/286\/Sea-Ice."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Praetorius, S., Rugenstein, M., Persad, G., and Caldeira, K. (2018). Global and Arctic Climate Sensitivity Enhanced by Changes in North Pacific Heat Flux. Nat. Commun., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05337-8"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perovich, D.K., and Richter-Menge, J.A. (2009). Loss of Sea Ice in the Arctic. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163805"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fournier, S., Lee, T., Wang, X., Armitage, T.W.K., Wang, O., Fukumori, I., and Kwok, R. (2020). Sea Surface Salinity as a Proxy for Arctic Ocean Freshwater Changes. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016110"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-2191-2016","article-title":"Mechanism of Seasonal Arctic Sea Ice Evolution and Arctic Amplification","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harms, I.H., and Karcher, M.J. (2005). Kara Sea Freshwater Dispersion and Export in the Late 1990s. J. Geophys. Res., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002744"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodaira, T., Waseda, T., Nose, T., and Inoue, J. (2020). Record High Pacific Arctic Seawater Temperatures and Delayed Sea Ice Advance in Response to Episodic Atmospheric Blocking. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77488-y"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-15-0174.1","article-title":"Competing Effects of Elevated Vertical Mixing and Increased Freshwater Input on the Stratification and Sea Ice Cover in a Changing Arctic Ocean","volume":"46","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giles, K.A., Laxon, S.W., Ridout, A.L., Wingham, D.J., and Bacon, S. (2012). Western Arctic Ocean Freshwater Storage Increased by Wind-Driven Spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre. Nat. Geosci., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1379"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2017.05.012","article-title":"Variations in Freshwater Pathways from the Arctic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10705","article-title":"Changing Arctic Ocean Freshwater Pathways","volume":"481","author":"Morison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20191","article-title":"Arctic Sea Ice Circulation and Drift Speed: Decadal Trends and Ocean Currents","volume":"118","author":"Kwok","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Ricker, R., and Mu, L. (2021). Arctic Sea Ice Decline Preconditions Events of Anomalously Low Sea Ice Volume Export through Fram Strait in the Early 21st Century. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016607"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7223","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011005","article-title":"Sea-Surface Temperature and Salinity Product Comparison against External in Situ Data in the Arctic Ocean","volume":"120","author":"Stroh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang, R., Zhou, Y., Utku, C., and le Vine, D. (2016). Accurate Measurements of the Dielectric Constant of Seawater at L Band. Radio Sci., 51.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RS005776"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fournier, S., Lee, T., Tang, W., Steele, M., and Olmedo, E. (2019). Evaluation and Intercomparison of SMOS, Aquarius, and SMAP Sea Surface Salinity Products in the Arctic Ocean. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11243043"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, W., Yueh, S., Yang, D., Fore, A., Hayashi, A., Lee, T., Fournier, S., and Holt, B. (2018). The Potential and Challenges of Using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Sea Surface Salinity to Monitor Arctic Ocean Freshwater Changes. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060869"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0205-y","article-title":"Arctic Warming Hotspot in the Northern Barents Sea Linked to Declining Sea-Ice Import","volume":"8","author":"Lind","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0119dra, M., Moritz, C., Choy, E.S., David, C., Degen, R., Duerksen, S., Ellingsen, I., G\u00f3rska, B., Grebmeier, J.M., and Kirievskaya, D. (2015). Status and Trends in the Structure of Arctic Benthic Food Webs. Polar Res., 34.","DOI":"10.3402\/polar.v34.23775"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL072244","article-title":"Satellite-Observed Drop of Arctic Sea Ice Growth in Winter 2015\u20132016","volume":"44","author":"Ricker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polyakov, I.V., Pnyushkov, A.V., and Carmack, E.C. (2018). Stability of the Arctic Halocline: A New Indicator of Arctic Climate Change. Environ. Res. Lett., 13.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaec1e"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao, Y., Li, Z., Farrara, J.D., and Hung, P. (2009). Blending Sea Surface Temperatures from Multiple Satellites and In Situ Observations for Coastal Oceans. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 26.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHO592.1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prange, M., and Gerdes, R. (2006). The Role of Surface Freshwater Flux Boundary Conditions in Arctic Ocean Modelling. Ocean Model., 13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2005.09.003"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boutin, J., Vergely, J.L., Marchand, S., D\u2019Amico, F., Hasson, A., Kolodziejczyk, N., Reul, N., Reverdin, G., and Vialard, J. (2018). New SMOS Sea Surface Salinity with Reduced Systematic Errors and Improved Variability. Remote. Sens. Environ., 214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.022"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7396","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2601486","article-title":"Combined Active\/Passive Retrievals of Ocean Vector Wind and Sea Surface Salinity With SMAP","volume":"54","author":"Fore","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Wentz, F.J., Scott, J., Hoffman, R., Leidner, M., Atlas, R., and Ardizzone, J. (2021, March 30). Remote Sensing Systems Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) 6-Hourly Ocean Vector Wind Analysis Product on 0.25 Deg Grid, Version 2.0. Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA. Available online: www.remss.com\/measurements\/ccmp."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, H., Balmaseda, M.A., Tietsche, S., Mogensen, K., and Mayer, M. (2019). The ECMWF Operational Ensemble Reanalysis\u2013Analysis System for Ocean and Sea Ice: A Description of the System and Assessment. Ocean Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.5194\/os-2018-154"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W.N., Savoie, M., and Windnagel, A.K. (2021, March 30). Sea Ice Index, Version 3. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7265\/N5K072F8."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, B.J. (2006). Trajectory Shifts in the Arctic and Subarctic Freshwater Cycle. Science, 313.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122593"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aune, M., Aniceto, S., Biuw, M., Daase, M., Falk-Petersen, S., Leu, E., Ottesen, C., Sagerup, K., and Camus, L. (2018). Seasonal ecology in ice-covered Arctic seas-Considerations for spill response decision making. Mar. Environ. Res., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2018.09.004"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s41976-019-00027-5","article-title":"Estimation of Surface Freshwater Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean Using Satellite-Derived Salinity","volume":"2","author":"Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazloff, M.R., Heimbach, P., and Wunsch, C. (2010). An Eddy-Permitting Southern Ocean State Estimate. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JPO4236.1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawai, Y., Osafune, S., Masuda, S., and Komuro, Y. (2018). Relations between Salinity in the Northwestern Bering Sea, the Bering Strait Throughflow and Sea Surface Height in the Arctic Ocean. J. Oceanogr., 74.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-017-0453-x"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmedo, E., Gabarr\u00f3, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gambau, V., Mart\u00ednez, J., Ballabrera-Poy, J., Turiel, A., Portabella, M., Fournier, S., and Lee, T. (2018). Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111772"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112027","article-title":"A new methodology to derive SMOS sea surface salinity in the Arctic Ocean","volume":"249","author":"Supply","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houpert, L., Inall, M., Dumont, E., Gary, S., Johnson, C., Porter, M., Johns, W., and Cunningham, S. (2018). Structure and Transport of the North Atlantic Current in the Eastern Subpolar Gyre From Sustained Glider Observations. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 123.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014162"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, K.S., and Wang, S. (2020). Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Arctic Ocean and Its Marginal Seas in a Changing Climate: Patterns and Mechanisms. Glob. Planet. Chang., 193.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2020.103265"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, O., Sung, M.-K., Sato, K., Lim, Y.-K., Kim, S.-J., Baek, E.-H., Jeong, J.-H., and Kim, B.-M. (2017). How Does the SST Variability over the Western North Atlantic Ocean Control Arctic Warming over the Barents\u2013Kara Seas?. Environ. Res. Lett., 12.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa5f3b"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3082","article-title":"Multi-Year Persistence of the 2014\/15 North Pacific Marine Heatwave","volume":"6","author":"Mantua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0348.1","article-title":"Persistence and Predictions of the Remarkable Warm Anomaly in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean during 2014\u20132016","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, D.L. (2015). Pacific Sea Surface Temperature and the Winter of 2014. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063083"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-433-2018","article-title":"The Arctic Sea Ice Cover of 2016: A Year of Record-Low Highs and Higher-Than-Expected Lows","volume":"12","author":"Petty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tilling, R.L., Ridout, A., Shepherd, A., and Wingham, D.J. (2015). Increased Arctic Sea Ice Volume after Anomalously Low Melting in 2013. Nat. Geosci., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2489"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, J.A., Chan, W., Leathers, D.J., Miller, J.R., and Veron, D.E. (2009). Winter Northern Hemisphere Weather Patterns Remember Summer Arctic Sea-Ice Extent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL037274"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-014-9284-0","article-title":"Effects of Arctic Sea Ice Decline on Weather and Climate: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Vihma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overland, J.E., and Wang, M. (2016). Recent Extreme Arctic Temperatures Are Due to a Split Polar Vortex. J. Clim., 29.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0320.1"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Marshall, J., Scott, J., Meneghello, G., Danilov, S., and Jung, T. (2019). On the Feedback of Ice-Ocean Stress Coupling from Geostrophic Currents in an Anticyclonic Wind Regime over the Beaufort Gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr.","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-18-0185.1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodd, P.A., Heywood, K.J., Meredith, M.P., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Marca, A.D., and Falkner, K.K. (2009). Sources and Fate of Freshwater Exported in the East Greenland Current. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039663"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahn, A., Aksenov, Y., de Cuevas, B.A., de Steur, L., H\u00e4kkinen, S., Hansen, E., Herbaut, C., Houssais, M.N., Karcher, M., and Kauker, F. (2012). Arctic Ocean Freshwater: How Robust Are Model Simulations?. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC007907"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"13359","article-title":"Freshwater Export in the East Greenland Current Freshens the North Atlantic","volume":"45","author":"Pavlova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-020-05261-y","article-title":"Changing Water Cycle and Freshwater Transports in the Atlantic Ocean in Observations and CMIP5 Models","volume":"54","author":"Skliris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Steur, L., Pickart, R.S., Macrander, A., V\u00e5ge, K., Harden, B., J\u00f3nsson, S., \u00d8sterhus, S., and Valdimarsson, H. (2017). Liquid Freshwater Transport Estimates from the East Greenland Current Based on Continuous Measurements North of Denmark Strait. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 122.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012106"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nghiem, S.V., Hall, D.K., Mote, T.L., Tedesco, M., Albert, M.R., Keegan, K., Shuman, C.A., DiGirolamo, N.E., and Neumann, G. (2012). The Extreme Melt across the Greenland Ice Sheet in 2012. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053611"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamber, J., van den Broeke, M., Ettema, J., Lenaerts, J., and Rignot, E. (2012). Recent Large Increases in Freshwater Fluxes from Greenland into the North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052552"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002521","article-title":"Surface Freshwater Flux Variability and Recent Freshening of the North Atlantic in the Eastern Subpolar Gyre","volume":"110","author":"Josey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1570\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:49:28Z","timestamp":1760161768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13081570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13081570","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]}}}