{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T19:46:52Z","timestamp":1769456812333,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Weiming Tian","award":["61971037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971037"]}]},{"name":"Ting Xiao","award":["MP2020B0301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MP2020B0301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents the ideal combination of space-borne and ground-based (GB) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) applications. In the absence of early investigation reporting and specialized monitoring, the Zhongbao landslide unexpectedly occurred on 25 July 2020, forming a barrier lake that caused an emergency. As an emergency measure, the GB-InSAR system was installed 1.8 km opposite the landslide to assess real-time cumulative deformation with a monitoring frequency of 3 min. A zone of strong deformation was detected, with 178 mm deformation accumulated within 15 h, and then a successful emergency warning was issued to evacuate on-site personnel. Post-event InSAR analysis of 19 images acquired by the ESA Sentinel-1 from December 2019 to August 2020 revealed that the landslide started in March 2020. However, the deformation time series obtained from satellite InSAR did not show any signs that the landslide had occurred. The results suggest that satellite InSAR is effective for mapping unstable areas but is not qualified for rapid landslide monitoring and timely warning. The GB-InSAR system performs well in monitoring and providing early warning, even with dense vegetation on the landslide. The results show the shortcomings of satellite InSAR and GB-InSAR and a clearer understanding of the necessity of combining multiple monitoring methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T11:21:38Z","timestamp":1618831298000},"page":"1578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Long-Term and Emergency Monitoring of Zhongbao Landslide Using Space-Borne and Ground-Based InSAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2845-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401135, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Geological Environment Monitoring and Disaster Early-Warning in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China"},{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2765-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunkai","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Geological Environment Monitoring and Disaster Early-Warning in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China"},{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yonglian","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401135, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-008-1256-6","article-title":"The chaotic characteristics of landslide evolution: A case study of Xintan landslide","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-009-0114-5","article-title":"Dynamic features and effects of rainfall on landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China: Using the Xintan landslide and the large Huangya landslide as the examples","volume":"59","author":"Keqiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-004-0020-6","article-title":"The July 14, 2003 Qianjiangping landslide, three gorges reservoir, China","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-005-0108-x","article-title":"Double-parameter threshold and its formation mechanism of the colluvial landslide: Xintan landslide, China","volume":"49","author":"Keqiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-014-9806-z","article-title":"Investigation of stability of the critical rock blocks that initiated the Jiweishan landslide in China","volume":"32","author":"Kulatilake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-010-0237-5","article-title":"Mechanism on apparent dip sliding of oblique inclined bedding rockslide at Jiweishan, Chongqing, China","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.09.009","article-title":"A community-based disaster risk reduction system in Wanzhou, China","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-019-5839-3","article-title":"Mapping landslide susceptibility at the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, using gradient boosting decision tree, random forest and information value models","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s11631-019-00341-1","article-title":"Spatial prediction of landslide susceptibility using GIS-based statistical and machine learning models in Wanzhou County, Three Gorges Reservoir, China","volume":"38","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Geochim."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01299-0","article-title":"A step beyond landslide susceptibility maps: A simple method to investigate and explain the different outcomes obtained by different approaches","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105212","article-title":"Activity law and hydraulics mechanism of landslides with different sliding surface and permeability in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China","volume":"260","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01435-1","article-title":"Understanding the deformation mechanism and threshold reservoir level of the floating weight-reducing landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-6898-9","article-title":"Annual variation of landslide stability under the effect of water level fluctuation and rainfall in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China","volume":"76","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4790-z","article-title":"Stability analysis and treatment of a reservoir landslide under impounding conditions: A case study","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-018-1365-8","article-title":"A case study of a rainfall-induced landslide involving weak interlayer and its treatment using the siphon drainage method","volume":"78","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.06.036","article-title":"A large rapid landslide in sensitive glaciomarine sediments at Mink Creek, northwestern British Columbia, Canada","volume":"83","author":"Geertsema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0814-y","article-title":"The 28 July 2015 rapid landslide at Ha Long City, Quang Ninh, Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Loi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-016-0764-9","article-title":"Dynamic analysis and numerical modeling of the 2015 catastrophic landslide of the construction waste landfill at Guangming, Shenzhen, China","volume":"14","author":"Ouyang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardi, F., Raspini, F., Frodella, W., Lombardi, L., Nocentini, M., Gigli, G., Morelli, S., Corsini, A., and Casagli, N. (2017). Monitoring the Rapid-Moving Reactivation of Earth Flows by Means of GB-InSAR: The April 2013 Capriglio Landslide (Northern Appennines, Italy). Remote Sens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020165"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Gui, L., Wang, W., Du, J., Ma, F., and Yin, K. (2021). Characterizing the Development Pattern of a Colluvial Landslide Based on Long-Term Monitoring in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020224"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(99)00122-2","article-title":"A critical review of landslide monitoring experiences","volume":"55","author":"Angeli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-0964-6","article-title":"Behavior of a colluvial slope located in Southeastern Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-015-0821-z","article-title":"Numerical investigation of seismically induced rock mass fatigue as a mechanism contributing to the progressive failure of deep-seated landslides","volume":"49","author":"Gischig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003615","article-title":"Effects of hydromechanical loading history and antecedent soil mechanical damage on shallow landslide triggering","volume":"120","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-020-01859-y","article-title":"Formation and chemo-mechanical characteristics of weak clay interlayers between alternative mudstone and sandstone sequence of gently inclined landslides in Nanjiang, SW China","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.12.006","article-title":"Landslide monitoring for risk mitigation by using corner reflector and satellite SAR interferometry: The large landslide of Carlantino (Italy)","volume":"151","author":"Bovenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01490-8","article-title":"Time-series analysis of the evolution of large-scale loess landslides using InSAR and UAV photogrammetry techniques: A case study in Hongheyan, Gansu Province, Northwest China","volume":"18","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026030","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.10.026030","article-title":"Small-scale loess landslide monitoring with small baseline subsets interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique\u2014case study of Xingyuan landslide, Shaanxi, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondini, A.C., Santangelo, M., Rocchetti, M., Rossetto, E., Manconi, A., and Monserrat, O. (2019). Sentinel-1 SAR amplitude imagery for rapid landslide detection. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070760"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00196-5","article-title":"Landslide monitoring by using ground-based SAR interferometry: An example of application to the Tessina landslide in Italy","volume":"68","author":"Tarchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardi, F., Raspini, F., Ciampalini, A., Kristensen, L., Rouyet, L., Lauknes, T.R., and Casagli, N. (2016). Space-borne and ground-based InSAR data integration: The \u00c5knes test site. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030237"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.10.027","article-title":"Assessment of ground-based monitoring techniques applied to landslide investigations","volume":"253","author":"Uhlemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-17-845-2017","article-title":"GB-InSAR monitoring and observational method for landslide emergency management: The Montaguto earthflow (AV, Italy)","volume":"17","author":"Ferrigno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40677-017-0073-1","article-title":"Spaceborne, UAV and ground-based remote sensing techniques for landslide mapping, monitoring and early warning","volume":"4","author":"Casagli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoenviron. Disasters"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0914-8","article-title":"Measuring precursory movements of the recent Xinmo landslide in Mao County, China with Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 datasets","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0915-7","article-title":"The Maoxian landslide as seen from space: Detecting precursors of failure with Sentinel-1 data","volume":"15","author":"Intrieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:49:47Z","timestamp":1760161787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/8\/1578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13081578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13081578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}}}