{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:53:55Z","timestamp":1776124435178,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CR32I3_149741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CR32I3_149741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vulnerability of alpine environments to climate change presses an urgent need to accurately model and understand these ecosystems. Popularity in the use of digital elevation models (DEMs) to derive proxy environmental variables has increased over the past decade, particularly as DEMs are relatively cheaply acquired at very high resolutions (VHR; &lt;1 m spatial resolution). Here, we implement a multiscale framework and compare DEM-derived variables produced by Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and stereo-photogrammetry (PHOTO) methods, with the aim of assessing their relevance and utility in species distribution modelling (SDM). Using a case study on the arctic-alpine plant, Arabis alpina, in two valleys in the western Swiss Alps, we show that both LiDAR and PHOTO technologies can be relevant for producing DEM-derived variables for use in SDMs. We demonstrate that PHOTO DEMs, up to a spatial resolution of at least 1 m, rivalled the accuracy of LiDAR DEMs, largely owing to the customizability of PHOTO DEMs to the study sites compared to commercially available LiDAR DEMs. We obtained DEMs at spatial resolutions of 6.25 cm\u20138 m for PHOTO and 50 cm\u201332 m for LiDAR, where we determined that the optimal spatial resolutions of DEM-derived variables in SDM were between 1 and 32 m, depending on the variable and site characteristics. We found that the reduced extent of PHOTO DEMs altered the calculations of all derived variables, which had particular consequences on their relevance at the site with heterogenous terrain. However, for the homogenous site, SDMs based on PHOTO-derived variables generally had higher predictive powers than those derived from LiDAR at matching resolutions. From our results, we recommend carefully considering the required DEM extent to produce relevant derived variables. We also advocate implementing a multiscale framework to appropriately assess the ecological relevance of derived variables, where we caution against the use of VHR-DEMs finer than 50 cm in such studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T05:35:25Z","timestamp":1618896925000},"page":"1588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multiscale Very High Resolution Topographic Models in Alpine Ecology: Pros and Cons of Airborne LiDAR and Drone-Based Stereo-Photogrammetry Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie S.","family":"Guillaume","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7335-7930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Leempoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond TW9 3AE, UK"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Rochat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Aude","family":"Rogivue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Kasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haute Ecole d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud, 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3878-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Gugerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8798-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Parisod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1184-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Joost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14104","article-title":"Effects of climate change on alpine plants and their pollinators","volume":"1469","author":"Inouye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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