{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:21:09Z","timestamp":1771482069798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["785919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["785919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002830","name":"CNES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TOSCA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TOSCA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013943","name":"CNAM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["internship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["internship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013943","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental loading, in particular from continental water storage changes, induces geodetic station displacements up to several centimeters for the vertical components. We investigate surface deformation due to loading processes in South America using a set of 247 permanent GPS (Global Positioning System) stations for the 2003\u20132016 period and compare them to loading estimates from global circulation models. Unfortunately, some of the hydrological components, and in particular surface waters, may be missing in hydrological models. This is especially an issue in South America where almost half of the seasonal water storage variations are due to surface water changes, e.g., rivers and floodplains. We derive river storage variations by rerouting runoffs of global hydrology models, allowing a better agreement with the mass variations observed from GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission. We extract coherent seasonal GPS displacements using Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis (M-SSA) and show that modeling the river storage induced loading effects significantly improve the agreement between observed vertical and horizontal displacements and loading models. Such an agreement has been markedly achieved in the Amazon basin. Whilst the initial models only explained half of the amplitude of GPS, the new ones compensate for these gaps and remain consistent with GRACE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1619040310000},"page":"1605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Improved Hydrological Loading Models in South America: Analysis of GPS Displacements Using M-SSA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9143-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00eblle","family":"Nicolas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9omatique et Foncier (EA 4630), Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs G\u00e9om\u00e8tres Topographes, 1 Boulevard Pythagore, 72000 Le Mans, France"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8887-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Verdun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9omatique et Foncier (EA 4630), Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs G\u00e9om\u00e8tres Topographes, 1 Boulevard Pythagore, 72000 Le Mans, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Boy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EOST-ITES (UMR 7063\u2014Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES), 5 Rue Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Bonhomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9omatique et Foncier (EA 4630), Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs G\u00e9om\u00e8tres Topographes, 1 Boulevard Pythagore, 72000 Le Mans, France"}]},{"given":"Ayoub","family":"Asri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9omatique et Foncier (EA 4630), Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs G\u00e9om\u00e8tres Topographes, 1 Boulevard Pythagore, 72000 Le Mans, France"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9lie","family":"Corbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9omatique et Foncier (EA 4630), Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs G\u00e9om\u00e8tres Topographes, 1 Boulevard Pythagore, 72000 Le Mans, France"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Berthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9omatique et Foncier (EA 4630), Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs G\u00e9om\u00e8tres Topographes, 1 Boulevard Pythagore, 72000 Le Mans, France"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire G\u00e9omatique et Foncier (EA 4630), Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs G\u00e9om\u00e8tres Topographes, 1 Boulevard Pythagore, 72000 Le Mans, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065328","article-title":"A New Global Mode of Earth Deformation: Seasonal Cycle Detected","volume":"294","author":"Blewitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-010-9100-4","article-title":"Improved Constraints on Models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: A Review of the Contribution of Ground-Based Geodetic Observations","volume":"31","author":"King","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv. 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