{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:55:54Z","timestamp":1760234154892,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","award":["JCYJ20170818104822282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20170818104822282"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The differential global navigation satellite system (DGNSS) is an enhancement system that is widely used to improve the accuracy of single-frequency receivers. However, distance-dependent errors are not considered in conventional DGNSS, and DGNSS accuracy decreases when baseline length increases. In network real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning, distance-dependent errors are accurately modelled to enable ambiguity resolution on the user side, and standard Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) formats have also been developed to describe the spatial characteristics of distance-dependent errors. However, the network RTK service was mainly developed for carrier-phase measurements on professional user receivers. The purpose of this study was to modify the local-area DGNSS through the use of network RTK corrections. Distance-dependent errors can be reduced, and accuracy for a longer baseline length can be improved. The results in the low-latitude areas showed that the accuracy of the modified DGNSS could be improved by more than 50% for a 17.9 km baseline during solar active years. The method in this paper extends the use of available network RTK corrections with high accuracy to normal local-area DGNSS applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1619040310000},"page":"1621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Improving DGNSS Performance through the Use of Network RTK Corrections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Duojie","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518063, China"},{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengyue","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangwei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518063, China"},{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, D., Gan, X., Chen, W., and Ji, S. (2020). A new DGNSS positioning infrastructure for android smartphones. Sensors, 20.","key":"ref_1","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020487"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.248220","article-title":"RRC Unnecessary for DGPS messages","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013854","article-title":"Limitations in DGPS positioning accuracies at low latitudes during solar maximum","volume":"29","author":"Skone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463317000297","article-title":"Improving DGPS accuracy by considering the correlation of pseudorange correction and satellite elevation angle","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2514\/1.C031309","article-title":"Ionospheric threat mitigation by geometry screening in Ground-Based Augmentation Systems","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Aircr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Song, J., No, H., Han, D., Kim, D., Park, B., and Kee, C. (2017). Accuracy Improvement of DGPS for Low-Cost Single-Frequency Receiver Using Modified Fl\u00e4chen Korrektur Parameter Correction. ISPRS Int. J. GeoInf., 6.","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070222"},{"unstructured":"(2004). Minimum Aviation Systems Performance Standards for Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS), RTCA Inc.. RTCA DO-245A.","key":"ref_7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.2514\/1.46719","article-title":"Ionospheric Threat Parameterization for Local Area Global-Positioning-System-Based Aircraft Landing Systems","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Aircr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0372-x","article-title":"Assessing and mitigating the effects of the ionospheric variability on DGPS","volume":"19","author":"Weng","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0804-0","article-title":"SBAS enhancement using an independent monitor station in a local area","volume":"23","author":"Weng","year":"2019","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012804","article-title":"Precise GPS positioning by applying ionospheric corrections from an active control network","volume":"3","author":"Odijk","year":"2000","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1179\/003962610X12572516251448","article-title":"Network code DGPS positioning and reliable estimation of position accuracy","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-016-0552-y","article-title":"The integrated use of GPS\/GLONASS observations in network code differential positioning","volume":"21","author":"Przestrzelski","year":"2017","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"unstructured":"Raman, S., and Garin, L. (2005, January 13\u201316). Performance Evaluation of Global Differential GPS (GDGPS) for Single Frequency C\/A Code Receivers. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2005), Long Beach, CA, USA.","key":"ref_14"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463302001741","article-title":"Extending Coverage of DGPS by Considering Atmospheric Models and Corrections","volume":"55","author":"Kee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-013-0670-z","article-title":"GNSS ambiguity resolution with controllable failure rate for long baseline network RTK","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02899820","article-title":"Reference station network based RTK systems\u2014Concepts and progress","volume":"8","author":"Rizos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci."},{"unstructured":"Wanninger, L. (1995, January 12\u201315). Improved AR by regional differential modeling of the ionosphere. Proceedings of the 8th International technical meeting of the Satellite Division of the US Institute of Navigation, Palm Springs, CA, USA.","key":"ref_18"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463315000636","article-title":"GNSS Network RTK regional ionospheric modelling studies and performance analysis","volume":"69","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0778-y","article-title":"An improved ionosphere interpolation algorithm for network RTK in low-latitude regions","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"unstructured":"Janssen, V. (2009, January 1\u20133). A Comparison of the VRS and MAC principles for network RTK. Proceedings of the IGNSS Symposium, Surfers Paradise, Australia.","key":"ref_21"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-004-0120-8","article-title":"An approach for instantaneous ambiguity resolution for medium to long-range multiple reference station networks","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.2003.tb00335.x","article-title":"Comparison of Interpolation Algorithms in NetworkBased GPS Techniques","volume":"50","author":"Dai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Inst. Navig."},{"unstructured":"Radio Technical Commission for Marine Services (2001). RTCM Recommended Standards for Differential GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) Service, RTCM. version. 2.3.","key":"ref_24"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1621\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:45Z","timestamp":1760161845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13091621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13091621","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}