{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:17:05Z","timestamp":1782148625159,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/R003521\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R003521\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/TM\/INDO-UK\/2K17\/64 C & G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/TM\/INDO-UK\/2K17\/64 C & G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The United Nation\u2019s Sustainable Development Goal Life Below Water (SDG-14) aims to \u201cconserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development\u201d. Within SDG-14, targets 14.1 and 14.2 deal with marine pollution and the adverse impacts of human activities on aquatic systems. Here, we present a remote-sensing-based analysis of short-term changes in the Vembanad-Kol wetland system in the southwest of India. The region has experienced high levels of anthropogenic pressures, including from agriculture, industry, and tourism, leading to adverse ecological and socioeconomic impacts with consequences not only for achieving the targets set out in SDG-14, but also those related to water quality (SDG-6) and health (SDG-3). To move towards the sustainable management of coastal and aquatic ecosystems such as Lake Vembanad, it is important to understand how both natural and anthropogenic processes affect water quality. In 2020, a unique opportunity arose to study water quality in Lake Vembanad during a period when anthropogenic pressures were reduced due to a nationwide lockdown in response to the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (25 March\u201331 May 2020). Using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 multi-spectral remote sensing and in situ observations to analyse changes in five different water quality indicators, we show that water quality improved in large areas of Lake Vembanad during the lockdown in 2020, especially in the more central and southern regions, as evidenced by a decrease in total suspended matter, turbidity, and the absorption by coloured dissolved organic matter, all leading to clearer waters as indicated by the Forel-Ule classification of water colour. Further analysis of longer term trends (2013\u20132020) showed that water quality has been improving over time in the more northern regions of Lake Vembanad independent of the lockdown. The improvement in water quality during the lockdown in April\u2013May 2020 illustrates the importance of addressing anthropogenic activities for the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems and water resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1619040310000},"page":"1631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Effect of Reduced Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality in Lake Vembanad, India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Kulk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0136-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grinson","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin 682018, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1396-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas","family":"Abdulaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Cochin 682015, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1132-0192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandini","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nansen Environmental Research Centre, Amenity Centre, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Cochin 682506, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3748-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varunan","family":"Theenathayalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiranjivi","family":"Jayaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Remote Sensing Centre-East, Indian Space Research Organisation, Kolkata 700156, West-Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J. W.","family":"Brewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, Cornwall, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubha","family":"Sathyendranath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Beiras, R. (2018). Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutant in Coastal Ecosystems, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UN Environment (2018). Global Manual on Ocean Statistics. Towards a Definition of Indicator Methodologies, UN Environment."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136586","article-title":"Anthropogenic pollution of aquatic ecosystems: Emerging problems with global implications","volume":"713","author":"Banaszak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.05.047","article-title":"Marine microplastic debris: An emerging issue for food security, food safety and human health","volume":"133","author":"Barboza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities","volume":"403","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004033400255","article-title":"Hydrobiology of the Cochin backwater system\u2014A review","volume":"430","author":"Menon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"WISA (2013). Conservation and Wise Use of Vemabanad-Kol: An Integrated Management Planning Framework, Wetlands International\u2014South Asia."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Balachandran, K.K., Nair, K.K.C., Achuthankutty, C.T., Nair, S., Wafar, M.V.W., Ramesh, R., Saramma, U.P., Rosamma, S., Haridas, P., and Jayalakshmy, K.V. (2007). Ecosystem Modelling of Cochin Backwaters 2002\u20132007."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-017-5845-2","article-title":"Total and methyl mercury in the water, sediment, and fishes of Vembanad, a tropical backwater system in India","volume":"189","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.12.038","article-title":"Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: The first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India","volume":"222","author":"Sruthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.05.009","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution exerts reduction\/adaptation in the diversity and enzyme expression profile of heterotrophic bacteria in Cochin estuary, India","volume":"159","author":"Jose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.053","article-title":"Role of heavy metals in structuring the microbial community associated with particulate matter in a tropical estuary","volume":"231","author":"Sheeba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sudhi, K.S. (2021, February 19). Vembanad Route to Track CRZ Violations in Kerala. Available online: https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/kerala\/vembanad-route-to-track-crz-violations-in-state\/article29493876.ece."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menon, N., George, G., Ranith, R., Sajin, V., Murali, S., Abdulaziz, A., Brewin, R.J.W., and Sathyendranath, S. (2021). Citizen science tools reveal changes in estuarine water quality following demolition of buildings. Remote Sens., (Submitted).","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091683"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"62","article-title":"Water Quality Assessment of a Tropical Wetland Ecosystem with Special Reference to Backwater Tourism, Kerala, South India","volume":"1","author":"Vincy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20254-5","article-title":"Near-real-time monitoring of global CO2 emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142533","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on global air quality and health","volume":"755","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102382","article-title":"Temporary reduction in fine particulate matter due to \u2018anthropogenic emissions switch-off\u2019 during COVID-19 lockdown in Indian cities","volume":"62","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104094","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abb494","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19-related social distancing measures on personal environmental sound exposures","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138813","article-title":"Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment","volume":"728","author":"Ruano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139012","article-title":"COVID-19 and surface water quality: Improved lake water quality during the lockdown","volume":"731","author":"Yunus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, D.R., Kumar, A., Muduli, P.R., Equeenuddin, S.M., Rastogi, G., Acharyya, T., and Swain, D. (2020). Decline in Phytoplankton Biomass along Indian Coastal Waters due to COVID-19 Lockdown. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162584"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9925","article-title":"Accumulation of plastic waste during COVID-19","volume":"369","author":"Adyel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkodie, S.A., and Owusu, P.A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on waste management. Environ. Dev. Sustain.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00956-y"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avtar, R., Kumar, P., Supe, H., Jie, D., Sahu, N., Mishra, B.K., and Yunus, A.P. (2020). Did the COVID-19 lockdown-induced hydrological residence time intensify the primary productivity in lakes? Observational results based on satellite remote sensing. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092573"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulaziz, A., Krishna, K., Syamkumar, V., George, G., Menon, N., Kulk, G., Jasmin, C., Ciambelli, A., Hridya, K.V., and Tharakan, B. (2021). Dyanmics of Vibrio cholera in a typical tropical lake and estuarine system: Potential of remote sensing for risk mapping. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13051034"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, G., Menon, N.N., Abdulaziz, A., Brewin, R.J., Pranav, P., Achanveetil, G., Mini, K.G., Kuriakose, S., Sathyendranath, S., and Platt, T. (2021). Citizen scientists contribute to real-time monitoring of lakewater quality using 3D printed mini Secchi disks. Front. Water.","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2021.662142"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"170","article-title":"Distribution and seasonal variation of temperature and salinity in Cochin backwaters","volume":"11","author":"Lakshmanan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Indian J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.07.015","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of metre-scale optical satellite data for inland and coastal water applications","volume":"216","author":"Vanhellemont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.010","article-title":"Adaptation of the dark spectrum fitting atmospheric correction for aquatic applications of the Landsat and Sentinel-2 archives","volume":"225","author":"Vanhellemont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.6.695","article-title":"Ritchie-2003-RS tech to assess water quality","volume":"69","author":"Ritchie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.03.018","article-title":"Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota","volume":"42","author":"Bilotta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10014s","DOI":"10.2971\/jeos.2010.10014s","article-title":"Spectral analysis of the Forel-Ule ocean colour comparator scale","volume":"5","author":"Wernand","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eur. Opt. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewin, R.J.W., Brewin, T.G., Phillips, J., Rose, S., Abdulaziz, A., Wimmer, W., Sathyendranath, S., and Platt, T. (2019). A printable device for measuring clarity and colour in lake and nearshore waters. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040936"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096070","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.9.096070","article-title":"Ocean color measurements with the Operational Land Imager on Landsat-8: Implementation and evaluation in SeaDAS","volume":"9","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Vanhellemont, Q., and Ruddick, K. (2016, January 9\u201313). ACOLITE For Sentinel-2: Aquatic Applications of MSI imagery. Proceedings of the 2016 ESA Living Planet Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Woerd, H.J., and Wernand, M.R. (2018). Hue-angle product for low to medium spatial resolution optical satellite sensors. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020180"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-020-01153-0","article-title":"Satellite-Based Study of Seasonal Variability in Water Quality Parameters in a Tropical Estuary along the Southwest Coast of India","volume":"48","author":"Bhuyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"49","article-title":"SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration and Validation Analyses, Part 3","volume":"Volume 11","author":"Hooker","year":"2000","journal-title":"NASA Tech. Memo. 2000-206892"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.022","article-title":"Calibration and validation of a generic multisensor algorithm for mapping of total suspended matter in turbid waters","volume":"114","author":"Nechad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2638828","article-title":"Estimation of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter from Landsat-8 Imagery for Complex Inland Water: Case Study of Lake Huron","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.045015","article-title":"Remote estimation of colored dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll-a in Lake Huron using Sentinel-2 measurements","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137374","article-title":"Monitoring dissolved organic carbon by combining Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellites: Case study in Saginaw River estuary, Lake Huron","volume":"718","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74730H","DOI":"10.1117\/12.830700","article-title":"Calibration and validation of a generic multisensor algorithm for mapping of turbidity in coastal waters","volume":"Volume 7473","author":"Nechad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, and Large Water Regions 2009"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.5194\/os-9-477-2013","article-title":"MERIS-based ocean colour classification with the discrete Forel-Ule scale","volume":"9","author":"Wernand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.015","article-title":"A multi-sensor approach for the on-orbit validation of ocean color satellite data products","volume":"102","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4236\/ars.2017.62011","article-title":"Sentinel-2 MSI radiometric characterization and cross-calibration with Landsat-8 OLI","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"175","article-title":"Temporal variability of 10-year global SeaWiFS time-series of phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration","volume":"225","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5589\/m12-010","article-title":"Surface water temperature observations of large lakes by optimal estimation","volume":"38","author":"MacCallum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.32","article-title":"Datasets related to in-land water for limnology and remote sensing applications: Distance-to-land, distance-to-water, water-body identifier and lake-centre co-ordinates","volume":"2","author":"Carrea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Data J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150066","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.66","article-title":"The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations\u2014A new environmental record for monitoring extremes","volume":"2","author":"Funk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-8947.2009.01255.x","article-title":"Drivers of change in fragile environments: Challenges to governance in Indian wetlands","volume":"33","author":"Narayanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. Forum"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2003.12.004","article-title":"Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: A review and synthesis","volume":"48","author":"Islam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"EU (2000). Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Framework for the Community Action in the Field of Water Policy, EU."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Hussain, J., and Prabhakar, R.N. (2020). Water Quality Activities in Central Water Commission, Ministry of Jal Shakti."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x","article-title":"Turbidity, suspended sediment and water clarity: A reviews","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-100809-125342","article-title":"Global water pollution and human health","volume":"35","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"100382","article-title":"COVID-19 and its impact on environment: Improved pollution levels during the lockdown period\u2014A case from Ahmedabad, India","volume":"20","author":"Aman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2020.1782482","article-title":"Changes in turbidity along Ganga River using Sentinel-2 satellite data during lockdown associated with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"280","article-title":"Heavy and trace metals in Vembanad Lake sediments","volume":"1","author":"Priju","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Hooghly Cochin Shipyard Limited (2020). 3rd Annual Report 2019-20, Hooghly Cochin Shipyard Limited."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-017-0494-8","article-title":"Suspended sediment dynamics in Cochin estuary, West Coast, India","volume":"21","author":"Vinita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Balchand, A.N., and Rasheed, K. (2000). Assessment of Short Term Environmental Impacts on Dredging in a Tropical Estuary, Terra Aqua."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.107017","article-title":"Occurrence of enhanced herbivory in the microbial food web of a tropical estuary during southwest monsoon","volume":"246","author":"Sooria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea","volume":"70","author":"Eppley","year":"1972","journal-title":"Fish. Bull."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"CRZ (1991). The Coastal Regulation Zone Notifications, The Gazette of India, S.O. 114, The Gazette of India."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferretti, S. (2020). Building Capacity and Resilience Against Diseases Transmitted via Water Under Climate Perturbations and Extreme Weathers Stress. Space Capacity Building in the XXI Century, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21938-3"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1631\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:57Z","timestamp":1760161857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13091631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13091631","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}