{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T14:08:43Z","timestamp":1776434923671,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19070101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19070101"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701420, 41601448, 41671351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701420, 41601448, 41671351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The MODIS land surface temperature (LST) product is one of the most widely used data sources to study the climate and energy-water cycle at a global scale. However, the large number of invalid values caused by cloud cover limits the wide application of the MODIS LST. In this study, a two-step improved similar pixels (TISP) method was proposed for cloudy sky LST reconstruction. The TISP method was validated using a temperature-based method over various land cover types. The ground measurements were collected at fifteen stations from 2013 to 2018 during the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) field campaign in China. The estimated theoretical clear-sky temperature indicates that clouds cool the land surface during the daytime and warm it at nighttime. For bare land, the surface temperature shows a clear seasonal trend and very similar across stations, with a cooling amplitude of 4.14 K in the daytime and a warming amplitude of 3.99 K at nighttime, as a yearly average. The validation result showed that the reconstructed LST is highly consistent with in situ measurements and comparable with MODIS LST validation accuracy, with a mean bias of 0.15 K at night (\u22120.43 K in the day), mean RMSE of 2.91 K at night (4.41 K in the day), and mean R2 of 0.93 at night (0.90 in the day). The developed method maximizes the potential of obtaining quality MODIS LST retrievals, ancillary data, and in situ observations, and the results show high accuracy for most land cover types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T22:21:57Z","timestamp":1619475717000},"page":"1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Reconstruction of the Daily MODIS Land Surface Temperature Product Using the Two-Step Improved Similar Pixels Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9710-1868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junlei","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Geo-Spatial Information Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaas8806","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas8806","article-title":"Human influence on the seasonal cycle of tropospheric temperature","volume":"361","author":"Santer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-008-9037-z","article-title":"Estimating Land Surface Evaporation: A Review of Methods Using Remotely Sensed Surface Temperature Data","volume":"29","author":"Kalma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. 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