{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:40:13Z","timestamp":1763037613785,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assessing the spatial dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for carbon monitoring. Since variability of SOC is mainly attributed to biophysical land surface variables, integrating a compressive set of such indices may support the pursuit of an optimum set of predictor variables. Therefore, this study was aimed at predicting the spatial distribution of SOC in relation to remotely sensed variables and other covariates. Hence, the land surface variables were combined from remote sensing, topographic, and soil spectral sources. Moreover, the most influential variables for prediction were selected using the random forest (RF) and classification and regression tree (CART). The results indicated that the RF model has good prediction performance with corresponding R2 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of 0.96 and 0.91 mg\u00b7g\u22121, respectively. The distribution of SOC content showed variability across landforms (CV = 78.67%), land use (CV = 93%), and lithology (CV = 64.67%). Forestland had the highest SOC (13.60 mg\u00b7g\u22121) followed by agriculture (10.43 mg\u00b7g\u22121), urban (9.74 mg\u00b7g\u22121), and water body (4.55 mg\u00b7g\u22121) land uses. Furthermore, soils developed in bauxite and laterite lithology had the highest SOC content (14.69 mg\u00b7g\u22121). The SOC content was remarkably lower in soils developed in sandstones; however, the values obtained in soils from the rest of the lithologies could not be significantly differentiated. The mean SOC concentration was 11.70 mg\u00b7g\u22121, where the majority of soils in the study area were classified as highly humus and extremely humus. The soils with the highest SOC content (extremely humus) were distributed in the mountainous regions of the study area. The biophysical land surface indices, brightness removed vegetation indices, topographic indices, and soil spectral bands were the most influential predictors of SOC in the study area. The spatial variability of SOC may be influenced by landform, land use, and lithology of the study area. Remotely sensed predictors including land moisture, land surface temperature, and built-up indices added valuable information for the prediction of SOC. Hence, the land surface indices may provide new insights into SOC modeling in complex landscapes of warm subtropical urban regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T06:19:11Z","timestamp":1619504351000},"page":"1682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Modeling the Spatial Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon Using Remotely-Sensed Predictors in Fuzhou City, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9899-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terefe","family":"Sodango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Managemnt, Wolkite University, P.O. Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"China-Europe Center for Environment and Landscape Management, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8659-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science &amp; Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6420-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Noszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 253c Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3076-3768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abreham","family":"Aneseyee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Managemnt, Wolkite University, P.O. Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8200-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongcong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/371783a0","article-title":"The role of soil organic matter in sustaining soil fertility","volume":"371","author":"Tiessen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.07.034","article-title":"Soil surface properties in Mediterranean mountain ecosystems: Effects of environmental factors and implications of management","volume":"254","author":"Oyonarte","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. 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