{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:48:00Z","timestamp":1767973680713,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41675025, 42022038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675025, 42022038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromagnetic wave scattering by ice particles is commonly modeled by defining representative habits, including droxtals, columns, plates, and aggregates, although actual particles in the atmosphere can be even much more complex. In this study, we examined a superspheroidal approximation method for modeling electromagnetic wave scattering by ice crystals. Superspheroid can be associated with a shape index (SI) defined by the particle volume and average projected area. Corresponding to realistic ice crystals, suitable superspheroid models with the same SI (that means, identical volume and average projected area) and aspect ratio can be identified as surrogates for optical property calculations. We systematically compared the optical properties of ice crystals and superspheroids at 33 microwave bands in the range of 3\u2013640 GHz and at three representative visible or infrared wavelengths (0.66, 2.13, and 11 \u03bcm). It was found that the single-scattering properties of compact ice crystal habits and their superspheroidal model particles were quite close. For an aggregate with sparse distribution of elements, a superspheroid model produces relatively large errors because the aspect ratio may not be sufficient to describe a particle shape. However, the optical similarity of a superspheroid and an aggregate is still encouraging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1619759455000},"page":"1733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Use of Superspheroids as Surrogates for Modeling Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Ice Crystals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lan-Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1996-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1437-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingqi","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1986)043<2289:IORAMI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interdependence of radiation and microphysics in cirrus clouds","volume":"43","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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