{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T15:10:06Z","timestamp":1772032206785,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Program for International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Projects of China","award":["2018YFE0101200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0101200"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41630425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41630425"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41761144074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41761144074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the characteristics of space-borne Lightning Mapping Imager (LMI) lightning products and their relationships with cloud properties using ground-based total lightning observations from the Beijing Broadband Lightning Network (BLNET) and cloud information from S-band Doppler radar data. LMI showed generally consistent lightning spatial distributions with those of BLNET, and yielded a considerable lightning detection capability over regions with complex terrain. The ratios between the LMI events, groups and flashes were approximately 9:3:1, and the number of LMI-detected flashes was roughly one order of magnitude smaller than the number of BLNET-detected flashes. However, in different convective episodes, the LMI detection capability was likely to be affected by cloud properties, especially in strongly electrified convective episodes associated with frequent lightning discharging and thick cloud depth. As a result, LMI tended to detect lightning flashes located in weaker and shallower cloud portions associated with fewer cloud shielding effects. With reference to the BLNET total lightning data as the ground truth of observation (both intra-cloud lightning and cloud-to-ground lightning flashes), the LMI event-based detection efficiency (DE) was estimated to reach 28% under rational spatiotemporal matching criteria (1.5 s and 65 km) over Beijing. In terms of LMI flash-based DE, it was much reduced compared with event-based DE. The LMI flash-based ranged between 1.5% and 3.5% with 1.5 s and 35\u201365 km matching scales. For 330 ms and 35 km, the spatiotemporal matching criteria used to evaluate Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), the LMI flash-based DE was smaller (&lt;1%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"1746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of Fengyun-4A Lightning Mapping Imager (LMI) Performance during Multiple Convective Episodes over Beijing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8413-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process (Ministry of Education), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiushu","family":"Qie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Juanzhen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Urban Meteorological Engineering Research Center, Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Dongjie","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13329","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD11p13329","article-title":"The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit","volume":"94","author":"Christian","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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