{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:49:05Z","timestamp":1773931745688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Modeling of underwater layered transmission and optimization of adjustment in strip for single wavelength airborne lidar bathymetry, National Science Foundation of China","award":["42001403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001403"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocean waves are a vital environmental factor that affects the accuracy of airborne laser bathymetry (ALB) systems. As the regional water surface undulates with randomness, the laser propagation direction through the air\u2013water surface will change and impact the underwater topographic result from the ALB system, especially for the small laser divergence system. However, the natural ocean surface changes rapidly over time, and uneven ocean surface point clouds from ALB scanning will cause an uncertain estimation of the laser propagation direction; therefore, a self-adaptive correction method based on the characteristics of the partial wave surface is key to improving the accuracy and applicability of the ALB system. In this paper, we focused on the issues of spatial position deviation caused by surface waves and position correction of the underwater laser footprint, and the dimension-based adaptive method is applied to attempt to correct the laser incidence angle. Simulation experiments and analysis of the actual measurement data from different ALB systems verified that the method can effectively suppress the influence of ocean waves. Furthermore, the inversion result of sea surface inclination changes is consistent with the surface wind wave reanalysis products. Based on the laser underwater propagation model in the strategy, we also quantitatively analyzed the influence of surface waves on laser bathymetry, which can guide the operation selection and data processing of the ALB system at specific water depths and under dynamic ocean conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"1750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Errors of Airborne Bathymetry LiDAR Detection Caused by Ocean Waves and Dimension-Based Laser Incidence Correction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7948-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingzhou","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Aerospace Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chisheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiasong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4746-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9015-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dejin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anlei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Aerospace Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Guenther, G.C. 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