{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T05:33:33Z","timestamp":1766468013623,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PZS-2019-02-3081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZS-2019-02-3081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coastal area around the settlement of Stara Ba\u0161ka (Krk Island, NE channel zone of Adriatic Sea) is in a delicate geodynamic balance. The main causes are the geological structure, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions and the direct exposure of the coast to the waves and storm surges. In this paper, the effects of the expected sea level rise on the geological vulnerability of the coast are investigated. Detailed field research was conducted. The complex coastal morphology was surveyed using an Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and the UAV-derived data was used as a 3D point cloud and orthophoto for analysis. In the investigated coastal zone, more resistant Quaternary talus breccias predominate over more susceptible flysch rock mass. One major and two smaller landslides are in a creeping condition and pose a hazard to the surrounding homes. During storm surges, the pocket beaches are completely inundated due to the narrow beach width and waves reach the toe of the slopes. According to the expected sea level rise, coastal processes could become more intense and threaten the current coastal equilibrium. The vulnerability of a large part of the Stara Ba\u0161ka settlement will increase significantly. The conducted research showed the advantages of UAV-derived data for the study of complex rocky coasts and emphasized the need for repeatable UAV surveys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T22:51:42Z","timestamp":1620255102000},"page":"1790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Application of UAV for the Analysis of Geological Hazard in Krk Island, Croatia, Mediterranean Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4964-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Ru\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matej\u010di\u0107, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0242-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u010cedomir","family":"Benac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matej\u010di\u0107, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja Dugonji\u0107","family":"Jovan\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matej\u010di\u0107, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1384-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Radi\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matej\u010di\u0107, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ETC CCA (2011). Methods for Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Climate Change, ETC CCA. ETC CCA Technical Paper 1\/2011."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2007.08.015","article-title":"Coastal hazard assessment and mapping in Northern Campania, Italy","volume":"97","author":"Donadio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-010-0193-6","article-title":"El Climatic drivers of potential hazards in Mediterranean coasts","volume":"11","author":"Sierra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Richards, J.A., and Nicholls, R.J. (2009). Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Systems in Europe. PESETA-Coastal Systems Study, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, P.N., Storlazzi, C.D., and Anderson, R.S. (2005). Nearshore wave-induced cyclical flexing of sea cliffs. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JF000217"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"407","article-title":"Wave runup, extreme water levels and the erosion of properties backing beaches","volume":"17","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(02)00316-X","article-title":"Sea-cliff erosion as a function of beach changes and extreme wave runup during the 1997\u20131998 El Ni\u00f1o","volume":"187","author":"Sallenger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2007.12.005","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variations of chalk cliff retreat in East Sussex, 1873 to 2001","volume":"249","author":"Dornbusch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1982)93<644:SCTPPA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sea cliffs: Their processes, profiles, and classification","volume":"93","author":"Emery","year":"1982","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2007.09.004","article-title":"Processes of coastal bluff erosion in weakly lithified sands, Pacifica, California, USA","volume":"97","author":"Collins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"747","article-title":"Cliff erosion along the Oregon coast: A tectonic-sea level imprint plus local controls by beach processes","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1969.19.1.6","article-title":"A reconsideration of the coastal landslides at folkestone warren, kent","volume":"19","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JF005487","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JF005487","article-title":"Impact of Nested Moisture Cycles on Coastal Chalk Cliff Failure Revealed by Multiseasonal Seismic and Topographic Surveys","volume":"125","author":"Dietze","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103A","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(95)90026-2","article-title":"Rock control in coastal geomorphic processes","volume":"32","author":"Sunamura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2112\/04-0417.1","article-title":"Factors controlling the retreat of drumlin coastal cliffs in a low energy marine environment\u2014Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland","volume":"232","author":"Greenwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.02.010","article-title":"Coastal cliff behaviour: Observations on the relationship between beach levels and recession rates","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"17","article-title":"Projection of future coastal cliff recession under sea level rise induced by the greenhouse effect: Nii-jima Island, Japan","volume":"9","author":"Sunamura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans. Jpn. Geomorphol. Union"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9200-9","article-title":"Systemic impacts of climate change on an eroding coastal region over the twenty-first century","volume":"84","author":"Dickson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"453","article-title":"Prediction of soft-cliff retreat with accelerating sea-level rise","volume":"13","author":"Bray","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2005.10.026","article-title":"The effect of groundwater on topographic changes in a gravel beach","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ru\u017ei\u0107, I., Dugonji\u0107, S., Benac, \u010c., and Krvavica, N. (2019). Assessment of the Coastal Vulnerability Index in an Area of Complex Geological Conditions on the Krk Island, Northeast Adriatic Sea. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9050219"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2017.11.019","article-title":"Implementing an efficient beach erosion monitoring system for coastal management in Croatia","volume":"156","author":"Pikelj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"201","article-title":"Ranjivost obala u podru\u010dju Kvarnera","volume":"44","author":"Benac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pomor. Zb."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2007.05.020","article-title":"Comparison of the vulnerability of limestone (karst) and siliciclastic coasts (example from the Kvarner area, NE Adriatic, Croatia)","volume":"107","author":"Benac","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benac, \u010c., Jovan\u010devi\u0107 Dugonji\u0107, S., Ru\u017ei\u0107, I., Vivoda, M., and Peranic, J. (2014). Marine erosion and slope movements: SE coast of the Krk island. Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment: Volume 3: Targeted Landslides, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04996-0_86"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00367-014-0380-4","article-title":"Coastal cliff geometry derived from structure-from-motion photogrammetry at Stara Ba\u0161ka, Krk Island, Croatia","volume":"34","author":"Benac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geo-Mar. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"203","article-title":"Vulnerability of the rab island coastline due to sea level rise","volume":"24","author":"Benac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hrvat. Vode"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"27","article-title":"Geomorphological changes in a miniature beach in the karst","volume":"26","author":"Benac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hrvat. Vode"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recentni geomorfolo\u0161ki procesi i oblici u podru\u010dju Rije\u010dkog zaljeva","volume":"54","author":"Benac","year":"1992","journal-title":"Croat. Geogr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-12-00136.1","article-title":"Eastern Adriatic Coast (EAC): Geomorphology and Coastal Vulnerability of a Karstic Coast","volume":"29","author":"Pikelj","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"327","article-title":"Analysis of wave deformations before Zagreba\u010dka obala\u2014Port of Rijeka","volume":"22","author":"Paladin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hrvat. Vode"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka (2020). Analysis of the Coastal Zone Vulnerability of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County Due to Sea Level Rise, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"25","article-title":"A stability assessment of coastal cliffs using digital imagery","volume":"12","author":"Benac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geotech. Slov."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2007.06.022","article-title":"Sea-level change during the Holocene in Sardinia and in the northeastern Adriatic (central Mediterranean Sea) from archaeological and geomorphological data","volume":"26","author":"Antonioli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.11.016","article-title":"Fluviokarst and classical karst: Examples from the Dinarics (Krk Island, Northern Adriatic, Croatia)","volume":"184","author":"Benac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Zaninovi\u0107, K. (2008). Climate Atlas of Croatia: 1961-1990: 1971-2000., Dr\u017eavni hidrometeorolo\u0161ki zavod."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Salleh, A., and \u00d6zhan, E. (April, January 30). Adriatic High Sea State Characteristics\/\/Wind and Wawe Climate \u201999. Proceedings of the International MEDCOAST Conference on Wind and Wawe Climate of the Mediteranean and Black Sea, Antalya, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pikelj, K., Ru\u017ei\u0107, I., James, M.R., and Ili\u0107, S. (2017, January 5\u20137). Structure-from-Motion (SfM) monitoring of nourished gravel beaches in Croatia. Proceedings of the COASTS, MARINE STRUCTURES and BREAKWATERS 2017-The Leading International Conference Highlighting Global Marine Engineering Advance, Liverpool, UK.","DOI":"10.1680\/cmsb.63174.0561"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, M.R., and Robson, S. (2012). Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera: Accuracy and geoscience application. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JF002289"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3366","article-title":"Topographic structure from motion: A new development in photogrammetric measurement","volume":"38","author":"Fonstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020322","article-title":"Correcting image refraction: Towards accurate aerial image-based bathymetry mapping in shallow waters","volume":"12","author":"Agrafiotis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233897","article-title":"UAV-derived multispectral bathymetry","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7649","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02622","article-title":"A third-generation wave model for coastal regions 1. Model description and validation","volume":"104","author":"Booij","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s100640000090","article-title":"Estimating the geotechnical properties of heterogenous rock masses such as flysch","volume":"60","author":"Marinos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-004-0270-5","article-title":"The Geological Strength Index: Applications and limitations","volume":"64","author":"Marinos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2004.02.009","article-title":"Sea-level change along the Italian coast for the past 10,000 yr","volume":"23","author":"Lambeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.06.025","article-title":"Late Quaternary sea-level changes and early human societies in the central and eastern Mediterranean Basin: An interdisciplinary review","volume":"449","author":"Benjamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2009.11.007","article-title":"Recent developments in understanding sea level rise at the Adriatic coasts","volume":"40\u201341","author":"Tsimplis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1877","article-title":"Semi-empirical versus process-based sea-level projections for the twenty-first century","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.32582\/aa.58.2.1","article-title":"Wind storminess in the adriatic sea in a climate change scenario","volume":"58","author":"Bonaldo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Adriat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-2347-2012","article-title":"Assessment of coastal vulnerability to climate change hazards at the regional scale: The case study of the North Adriatic Sea","volume":"17","author":"Torresan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3390\/w11061157","article-title":"Assessment of climate change impacts in the North Adriatic coastal area. Part I: A multi-model chain for the definition of climate change hazard scenarios","volume":"11","author":"Torresan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3390\/w11061300","article-title":"Assessment of climate change impacts in the North Adriatic coastal area. Part II: Consequences for coastal erosion impacts at the regional scale","volume":"11","author":"Gallina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2006.06.003","article-title":"Concepts in gravel beach dynamics","volume":"79","author":"Buscombe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2019, February 12). DGU Geoportal. Available online: https:\/\/geoportal.dgu.hr\/."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213566","article-title":"Advantages of using uav digital photogrammetry in the study of slow-moving coastal landslides","volume":"12","author":"Devoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2019.01.008","article-title":"The origin and dynamics of coastal boulders in a semi-enclosed shallow basin: A northern Adriatic case study","volume":"411","author":"Biolchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2020.106227","article-title":"Modelling the development of dynamic equilibrium on shore platforms","volume":"427","author":"Trenhaile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2017.09.004","article-title":"Modelling the effect of rising sea level on beaches with resistant foundations","volume":"395","author":"Trenhaile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Rijekaprojekt (2016). Engineering Geological Report, Rijekaprojekt."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1790\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:57:08Z","timestamp":1760162228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13091790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13091790","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]}}}