{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:45:02Z","timestamp":1771375502331,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the applications and the limitations of the Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) investigation have been addressed with the main objective of improving the efficient GPR application of subsurface surveys on Korean expressways. The depth of investigation and detection performance of anomalous objects have been studied using two different types of multichannel GPR on the Korean Expressway Corporation\u2019s nondestructive testing testbed for subsurface detection. Based on the field survey, it was found that utilizing the plane view by depth, cross-sectional and longitudinal profile data of the multichannel GPR simultaneously, analysis and evaluation of the GPR signals are more efficient and practical. Although there was a difference in the frequency of use, the precision difference between two GPR is almost similar in the investigation depth and detection performance of the pavement subsurface anomaly. Under an asphalt concrete standard pavement section, the effective depth of cavity detection is 1\u20131.5 m, while detection under concrete pavement is less than 1.0 m. In addition, there is still a need to calibrate depths using field cores when constructing a 3D underground facility map.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1620299427000},"page":"1805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Study of the Application and the Limitations of GPR Investigation on Underground Survey of the Korean Expressways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6067-6078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Young","family":"Rhee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KEC Research Institute, Korea Expressway Corporation, Hwaseong 18489, Korea"}]},{"given":"Keon-Tae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEC Design Evaluation Division, Korea Expressway Corporation, Gimcheon 39660, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jin-Woo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEC Research Institute, Korea Expressway Corporation, Hwaseong 18489, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sang-Yum","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Induk University, Seoul 01878, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2003.06.012","article-title":"Use of borehole radar techniques to characterize fractured granitic bedrock at AECL\u2019s Underground Research Laboratory","volume":"55","author":"Serzu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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