{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T11:17:20Z","timestamp":1770549440203,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC0213201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0213201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0210002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0210002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC0213104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0213104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41722501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41722501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51778596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51778596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41977184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anhui Science and Technology Major Project","award":["18030801111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18030801111"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA23020301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23020301"]}]},{"name":"Major Projects of High Resolution Earth Observation Systems of National Science and Technology","award":["05-Y30B01-9001-19\/20-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05-Y30B01-9001-19\/20-3"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS","award":["2021443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021443"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Project of the Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment,CAS","award":["CERAE202004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERAE202004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent heavy haze episodes have repeatedly shrouded North China in recent years. Besides anthropogenic emissions, natural dust also contributes to the aerosols in this region. Through continuous observation by a dual-wavelength Raman lidar, the primary aerosol types and their contributions to air pollution in North China were determined. The following three aerosol types can be classified: natural dust, anthropogenic aerosols, and the mixture of anthropogenic aerosols and dust (polluted dust). The classification results are basically consistent with the classification results from the cloud\u2013aerosol lidar and infrared pathfinder satellite observations (CALIPSO) satellite measurements. The relative bias of the lidar ratio between the Raman lidar and CALIPSO is less than 25% over 90% of the cases, indicating that the CALIPSO lidar ratio selection algorithm is reasonable. The classification results show that approximately 45% of aerosols below 1.8 km are contributed by polluted dust during our one year observations. The contribution of dust increased with height, from 6% at 500 m to 28% at 1,800 m, while the contribution of anthropogenic aerosols decreased from 49% to 25%. In addition, polluted dust is the major aerosol subtype below 1.0 km in spring (over 60%) and autumn (over 70%). Anthropogenic aerosols contribute more than 75% of air pollution in summer. In winter, anthropogenic aerosols prevailed (over 80%) in the lower layer, while polluted dust (around 60%) dominated the upper layer. Our results identified the primarily aerosol types to assess the contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources to air pollution in North China, and highlight that natural dust plays a crucial role in lower-layer air pollution in spring and autumn, while controlling anthropogenic aerosols will significantly improve air quality in winter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1620299427000},"page":"1811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Quantify the Contribution of Dust and Anthropogenic Sources to Aerosols in North China by Lidar and Validated with CALIPSO"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0900-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Environmental Optics &amp; Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Environmental Optics &amp; Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Qihou","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Environmental Optics &amp; Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Yunsheng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Environmental Optics &amp; Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Environmental Optics &amp; Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Environmental Optics &amp; Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900498","article-title":"Introduction to special section: Outstanding problems in quantifying the radiative impacts of mineral dust","volume":"106","author":"Sokolik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. 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