{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:56:22Z","timestamp":1780984582885,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Airspace is a key but not well-understood habitat for many animal species. Enormous amounts of insects and birds use the airspace to forage, disperse, and migrate. Despite numerous studies on migration, the year-round flight activities of both birds and insects are still poorly studied. We used a 2 year dataset from a vertical-looking radar in Central Europe and developed an iterative hypothesis-testing algorithm to investigate the general temporal pattern of migratory and local movements. We estimated at least 3 million bird and 20 million insect passages over a 1 km transect annually. Most surprisingly, peak non-directional bird movement intensities during summer were of the same magnitude as seasonal directional movement peaks. Birds showed clear peaks in seasonally directional movements during day and night, coinciding well with the main migration period documented in this region. Directional insect movements occurred throughout the year, paralleling non-directional movements. In spring and summer, insect movements were non-directional; in autumn, their movements concentrated toward the southwest, similar to birds. Notably, the nocturnal movements of insects did not appear until April, while directional movements mainly occurred in autumn. This simple monitoring reveals how little we still know about the movement of biomass through airspace.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T02:54:58Z","timestamp":1620615298000},"page":"1839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Seasonal Trends in Movement Patterns of Birds and Insects Aloft Simultaneously Recorded by Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7009-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baptiste","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Tschanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gernot","family":"Segelbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9473-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Liechti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12559.x","article-title":"Long-distance migration: Evolution and determinants","volume":"103","author":"Alerstam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1641\/B570206","article-title":"What is migration?","volume":"57","author":"Dingle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander, R.M. 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