{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T18:33:45Z","timestamp":1775586825599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Research Program from Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai","award":["19dz1200101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19dz1200101"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China Project","award":["41675027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675027"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["Grant BK20201505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant BK20201505"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the Fengyun-3D (FY-3D) clear-sky microwave temperature sounder-2 (MWTS-2) radiances were directly assimilated in the regional mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation system. The assimilation experiments were conducted to compare the track errors of typhoon Lekima from uses of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) radiances (EXP_AD) with those from FY-3D MWTS-2 upper-air sounding data at channels 5\u20137 (EXP_AMD). The clear-sky mean bias-corrected observation-minus-background (O-B) values of FY-3D MWTS-2 channels 5, 6, and 7 are 0.27, 0.10 and 0.57 K, respectively, which are smaller than those without bias corrections. Compared with the control experiment, which was the forecast of the WRF model without use of satellite data, the assimilation of satellite radiances can improve the forecast performance and reduce the mean track error by 8.7% (~18.4 km) and 30% (~58.6 km) beyond 36 h through the EXP_AD and EXP_AMD, respectively. The direction of simulated steering flow changed from southwest in the EXP_AD to southeast in the EXP_AMD, which can be pivotal to forecasting the landfall of typhoon Lekima (2019) three days in advance. Assimilation of MWTS-2 upper-troposphere channels 5\u20137 has great potential to improve the track forecasts for typhoon Lekima.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T02:54:58Z","timestamp":1620615298000},"page":"1841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Impact of Assimilating FY-3D MWTS-2 Upper Air Sounding Data on Forecasting Typhoon Lekima (2019)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zeyi","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Tropical Cyclone of the China Meteorological Administration and Shanghai Typhoon Institute, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Tropical Cyclone of the China Meteorological Administration and Shanghai Typhoon Institute, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Peiming","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Fuzhong","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Tropical Cyclone of the China Meteorological Administration and Shanghai Typhoon Institute, Shanghai 200030, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Recalibration and merging of SSU observations for stratospheric temperature trend studies","volume":"119","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Zou, X. (2020). Atmospheric Satellite Observations: Variational Assimilation and Quality Assurance, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.171","article-title":"The assimilation of AIRS radiance data at ECMWF","volume":"132","author":"McNally","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00083.1","article-title":"Impact of assimilating AMSU-A radiances on forecasts of 2008 Atlantic tropical cyclones initialized with a limited-area ensemble kalman filter","volume":"140","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"558","article-title":"Impacts of assimilation of ATMS data in HWRF on track and intensity forecasts of 2012 four landfall hurricanes","volume":"118","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Shu, A., Shen, F., Min, J., Li, H., and Xia, X. (2020). Impacts of Multiple Radiance Data Assimilation on the Simulation of Typhoon Chan-Hom. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11090957"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"689","article-title":"The use of TOVS Level-1B radiances in the NCEP SSI analysis system","volume":"126","author":"McNally","year":"2000","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/wea.736","article-title":"From Observations to Forecasts\u2014Part 8: The use of satellite observations in numerical weather prediction","volume":"66","author":"Collard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"41","article-title":"Assimilating AMSU-A temperature sounding channels in the presence of cloud and precipitation","volume":"670","author":"Geer","year":"2012","journal-title":"ECMWF Tech. Memo."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900616","article-title":"Determination of precipitable water and cloud liquid water over oceans from the NOAA-15 advanced microwave sounding unit","volume":"106","author":"Grody","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2233","article-title":"Enhanced radiance bias correction in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction\u2019s Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation data assimilation system","volume":"140","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-15-0300.1","article-title":"Microwave sounder cloud detection using a collocated high-resolution imager and its impact on radiance assimilation in tropical cyclone forecasts","volume":"144","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, Z., Zou, X., and Ray, P.S. (2020). Development and testing of a clear-sky data selection algorithm for FY-3C\/D Microwave Temperature Sounder-2. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091478"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Weng, F., Hu, H., and Dong, P. (2019). Retrieval of the total precipitable water vapor and cloud liquid water path over ocean from the Feng-Yun 3D microwave temperature and humidity sounders. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2019-447"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lu, Q.F., Lawrence, H., Bormann, N., English, S., Lean, K., Atkinson, N., Bell, W., and Carminati, F. (2015). An evaluation of FY-3C satellite data quality at ECMWF and the Met Office. ECMWF Tech. Memo., 767."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carminati, F., Atkinson, N., Candy, B., and Lu, Q.F. (2020). Insights into the microwave instruments onboard the Feng-Yun 3D satellite: Data quality and assimilation in the Met Office NWP system. Adv. Atmos. Sci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-020-0010-1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12630","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025042","article-title":"ATMS- and AMSU-A-derived hurricane warm core structures using a modified retrieval algorithm","volume":"121","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D.L. (2004). Mesoscale gravity wave variances from AMSU-A radiances. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019562"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"409","article-title":"Characteristics of extreme rainfall and rainbands evolution of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019) during its landfall","volume":"14","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Coupling an advanced land surface\u2013hydrology model with the Penn State\u2013NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<0103:ARATIM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation","volume":"132","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3199.1","article-title":"A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes","volume":"134","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-18-0228.1","article-title":"Expansion of the all-sky radiance assimilation to ATMS at NCEP","volume":"147","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00079.1","article-title":"Evaluating added benefits of assimilating GOES Imager radiance data in GSI for coastal QPFs","volume":"141","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50347","article-title":"The role of moist convection in the West African monsoon system: Insights from continental-scale convection-permitting simulations","volume":"40","author":"Marsham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020887","article-title":"A seamless assessment of the role of convection in the water cycle of the West African monsoon","volume":"119","author":"Birch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1175\/2007MWR2018.1","article-title":"Ensemble data assimilation with the NCEP global forecast system","volume":"136","author":"Whitaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two\u2013dimensional model","volume":"46","author":"Dudhia","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16663","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00237","article-title":"Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated\u2013k model for the longwave","volume":"102","author":"Mlawer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2387.1","article-title":"Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization","volume":"136","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Tewari, M., Chen, F., Wang, W., Dudhia, J., LeMone, M.A., Mitchell, K., Ek, M., Gayno, G., Wegiel, J., and Cuenca, R.H. (2004, January 12). Implementation and verification of the unified NOAH land surface model in the WRF model. Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting\/16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-17-0356.1","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Scale-Adaptive Turbulent Kinetic Energy Scheme in the WRF-ARW Model","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-019-9170-2","article-title":"Advanced Radiative Transfer Modeling System (ARMS): A New-Generation Satellite Observation Operator Developed for Numerical Weather Prediction and Remote Sensing Applications","volume":"37","author":"Weng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2001922","article-title":"Postlaunch calibration of the MetOp-A advanced microwave sounding unit-A","volume":"46","author":"Mo","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.137","article-title":"Bias and data assimilation","volume":"131","author":"Dee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711347814","article-title":"A sequential estimationapproach to cloud-clearing for satellite temperature sounding","volume":"113","author":"Eyre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.06.007","article-title":"Bias characterization of CrIS radiance at 399 selected channels with respect to NWP model simulation","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025505","article-title":"Combining CrIS double CO2 bands for detecting clouds located in different verticallayers of the atmosphere","volume":"122","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-15-0445.1","article-title":"All-sky microwave radiance assimilation in NCEP\u2019s GSI analysis system","volume":"144","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<0542:OEFPOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observational evidence for predictions of tropical cyclone propagation relative to environmental steering","volume":"47","author":"Carr","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.299","article-title":"Numerical test of a simple approach for using TOMS total ozone data in hurricane environment","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1991)006<0244:TBRBTC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The basic relationship between tropical cyclone intensity and the depth of the environmental steering layer in the Australian region","volume":"6","author":"Velden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14925","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-14925-2016","article-title":"Revisiting the steering principle of tropical cyclone motion in a numerical experiment","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-18-0153.1","article-title":"Tropical cyclone track sensitivity in deformation steering flow","volume":"146","author":"Torn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1993)121<2030:AISOHM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An initialization scheme of hurricane models by vortex specification","volume":"121","author":"Kurihara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.830","article-title":"Observation errors in all-sky data assimilation","volume":"137","author":"Geer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of the tangent linear and adjoint models of the MPAS-Atmosphere dynamic core and applications in adjoint relative sensitivity studies","volume":"72","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tellus"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1841\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:58:27Z","timestamp":1760162307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13091841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13091841","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]]}}}