{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:59:58Z","timestamp":1760234398090,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The monitoring of areas at risk is one of the topics of great interest in the scientific world in order to preserve natural areas of particular environmental value. The present work aims to develop a suitable survey and analysis methodology, in order to optimise multi-temporal processing. In particular, the phenomenon investigated the monitoring of cliffs in southern Apulia (Italy). To achieve this objective, different algorithms were tested and implemented in an in-house software called ICV. The implementation involved the use of different calculation procedures, combined and aimed at the analysis of the phenomenon in question. The validation of the experimentation was shown through the elaboration of a series of datasets of a particular area within the investigated coastline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T10:49:51Z","timestamp":1620643791000},"page":"1857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Develop of New Tools for 4D Monitoring: Case Study of Cliff in Apulia Region (Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica","family":"Costantino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Settembrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienza dell\u2019Ingegneria Civile e dell\u2019Architettura, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4816-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo Saverio","family":"Alfio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pranzini, E. (2005). La forma delle coste. Geomorfologia Costiera Impatto Antropico e Difesa dei Litorali, Zanichelli."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.02.004","article-title":"Rock coast geomorphology: Recent advances and future research directions","volume":"114","author":"Naylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Sunamura, T. (1983). Processes of sea cliff and platform erosion. CRC Handbook of Coastal Processes and Erosion, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.10.034","article-title":"Landslide hazard mapping along the coastline of the Cilento region (Italy) by means of a GIS-based parameter rating approach","volume":"94","author":"Budetta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1577","article-title":"Photogrammetric methods for monitoring cliffs with low retreat rate","volume":"9","author":"Redweik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2004.12.004","article-title":"Obtaining a best fitting plane through 3D georeferenced data","volume":"27","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of Tuff Sea Cliff Stability Integrating Geological Surveys and Remote Sensing. Case History from Ventotene Island (Southern Italy)","volume":"12","author":"Ruberti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kemeny, J., and Turner, K. (2008). Ground-Based LiDAR: Rock Slope Mapping and Assessment, Federal Highway Administration Report No. FHWA-CFL\/TD-08-006."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaboyedoff, M., Metzger, R., Oppikofer, T., Couture, R., Derron, M.H., Locat, J., and Turmel, D. (2007, January 27\u201331). New insight techniques to analyze rock-slope relief using DEM and 3Dimaging cloud points: COLTOP-3D software. Proceedings of the 1st Canada-US Rock Mechanics Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1201\/NOE0415444019-c8"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-1003-2009","article-title":"Characterization and monitoring of the \u00c5knes rockslide using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"9","author":"Oppikofer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-267-2009","article-title":"Quantifying discontinuity orientation and persistence on high mountain rock slopes and large landslides using terrestrial remote sensing techniques","volume":"9","author":"Sturzenegger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2011.08.007","article-title":"The fracture pattern of the Sant Corneli B\u00f3ixols oblique inversion anticline (Spanish Pyrenees)","volume":"33","author":"Tavani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slob, S., and Hack, R. (2004). 3D terrestrial laser scanning as a new field measurement and monitoring technique. Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39918-6_22"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"B5","article-title":"Facets: A cloudcompare plugin to extract geological planes from unstructured 3D point clouds","volume":"41","author":"Dewez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-008-0010-4","article-title":"Advanced geostructural survey methods applied to rock mass characterization","volume":"42","author":"Ferrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2010.11.009","article-title":"Semi-automatic extraction of rock mass structural data from high resolution LIDAR point clouds","volume":"48","author":"Gigli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Riquelme, A., Abell\u00e1n, A., Tom\u00e1s, R., and Jaboyedoff, M. (2014, January 6\u20137). Rock slope discontinuity extraction and stability analysis from 3D point clouds: Application to an urban rock slope. Proceedings of the Vertical Geology Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2015.06.009","article-title":"Discontinuity spacing analysis in rock masses using 3D point clouds","volume":"195","author":"Riquelme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9634-2","article-title":"Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: A review","volume":"61","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"4","article-title":"Coltop3D: A new software for structural analysis with high resolution 3D point clouds and DEM","volume":"90171","author":"Metzger","year":"2009","journal-title":"AAPG Search Discov. Artic."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Castiglioni, G.B. (1979). Geomorfologia, Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Sunamura, T. (1992). Geomorphology of Rocky Coasts, John Wiley & Son Ltd."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Simeoni, U., Corbau, C., Pranzini, E., and Ginesu, S. (2012). Le pocket beach. Dinamica e Gestione Delle Piccole Spiagge, FrancoAngelli."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020021","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000333","article-title":"Dense Point cloud quality factor as proxy for accuracy assessment of image-based 3D reconstruction","volume":"147","author":"Javadnejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020130","article-title":"Use of 3D Point Clouds in Geohazards","volume":"8","author":"Abellan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.1910351","article-title":"Multi-scale approach to analyse the evolution of soft rock coastal cliffs and role of controlling factors: A case study in South-Eastern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Lollino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6050030","article-title":"Influence of Image TIFF Format and JPEG Compression Level in the Accuracy of the 3D Model and Quality of the Orthophoto in UAV Photogrammetry","volume":"6","author":"Alfio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"191","article-title":"UAV Photogrammetry and 3D Modelling of Complex Architecture for Maintenance Purposes: The Case Study of the Masonry Bridge on the Sele River, Italy","volume":"65","author":"Pepe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Costantino, D., Angelini, M.G., and Settembrini, F. (2017, January 23\u201325). ICV and fine-registration algorithms for an efficient merging of point clouds. Proceedings of the IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (MetroArchaeo), Lecce, Italy."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-5-W1-105-2017","article-title":"Point cloud management through the realization of the Intelligent Cloud Viewer software","volume":"42","author":"Costantino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(92)90066-C","article-title":"Object modelling by registration of multiple range images","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Alakkari, S., and Dingliana, J. (2016, January 7\u20139). Volume visualization using principal component analysis. Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Visual Computing for Biology and Medicine, Bergen, Norway."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1857\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:58:51Z","timestamp":1760162331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/9\/1857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13091857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13091857","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]}}}