{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:26:36Z","timestamp":1780554396047,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The national key research and development program of china and The Key Scientific and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province China","award":["2018YFC1508804 & 20180201033SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1508804 & 20180201033SF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban flooding has been an alarming issue in the past around the globe, particularly in South Asia. Pakistan is no exception from this situation where urban floods with associated damages are frequently occurring phenomena. In Pakistan, rapid urbanization is the key factor for urban flooding, which is not taken into account. This study aims to identify flood sensitivity and coping capacity while assessing urban flood resilience and move a step toward the initialization of resilience, specifically for Peshawar city and generally for other cities of Pakistan. To achieve this aim, an attempt has been made to propose an integrated approach named the \u201curban flood resilience model (UFResi-M),\u201d which is based on geographical information system(GIS), remote sensing (RS), and the theory of analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The UFResi-M incorporates four main factors\u2014urban flood hazard, exposure, susceptibility, and coping capacity into two parts, i.e., sensitivity and coping capacity. The first part consists of three factors\u2014IH, IE, and IS\u2014that represent sensitivity, while the second part represents coping capacity (ICc). All four indicators were weighted through AHP to obtain product value for each indicator. The result showed that in the Westzone of the study area, the northwestern and central parts have very high resilience, whereas the southern and southwestern parts have very low resilience. Similarly, in the East zone of the study area, the northwest and southwest parts have very high resilience, while the northern and western parts have very low resilience. The likelihood of the proposed model was also determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method; the area under the curve acquired for the model was 0.904. The outcomes of these integrated assessments can help in tracking community performance and can provide a tool to decision makers to integrate the resilience aspect into urban flood management, urban development, and urban planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T11:30:16Z","timestamp":1620732616000},"page":"1864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["GIS-Based Urban Flood Resilience Assessment Using Urban Flood Resilience Model: A Case Study of Peshawar City, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tayyab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1160-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safi","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah Nawaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Disaster Preparedness and Management, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Aslam","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A Key Laboratory for Mountain Hazard and Earth Surface Process, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1837-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information System, School of Geography, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bazel","family":"Al-Shaibah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.06.052","article-title":"Urban flood resilience\u2013A multi-criteria index to integrate flood resilience into urban planning","volume":"573","author":"Bertilsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01844.x","article-title":"Perception and communication of flood risks: A systematic review of empirical research","volume":"33","author":"Kellens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, A.K., Bloch, R., and Lamond, J. (2012). Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century, The World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8866-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13913","article-title":"An integrated approach of flash flood analysis in ungauged Mediterranean watersheds using post-flood surveys and unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"34","author":"Kastridis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.07.022","article-title":"Role of rainfall intensity and urban sprawl in the 2014 flash flood in Genoa City, Bisagno catchment (Liguria, Italy)","volume":"98","author":"Faccini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3010096","article-title":"Using a Spatio-Temporal GIS Database to Monitor the Spatial Evolution of Urban Flooding Phenomena. The Case of Athens Metropolitan Area in Greece","volume":"3","author":"Diakakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2017.1363247","article-title":"Mapping and classification of direct flood impacts in the complex conditions of an urban environment. The case study of the 2014 flood in Athens, Greece","volume":"14","author":"Diakakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., and Roser, M. (2021, February 07). Natural Disasters, Empirical View. Our World in Data (2018). Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/natural-disasters."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatti, A.S., Wang, G., Ullah, W., Ullah, S., Fiifi Tawia Hagan, D., Kwesi Nooni, I., Lou, D., and Ullah, I. (2020). Trend in Extreme Precipitation Indices Based on Long Term In Situ Precipitation Records over Pakistan. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12030797"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kreft, S., and Eckstein, D. (2021, February 07). Global Climate Risk Index Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events?. Available online: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/world\/global-climate-risk-index-2014-who-suffers-most-extreme-weather-events-weather-related."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ali, A. (2020, March 11). Indus Basin Floods: Mechanisms, Impacts, and Management. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11540\/810."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.06.007","article-title":"An empirical assessment of farmers\u2019 risk attitudes in flood-prone areas of Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"Saqib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101967","article-title":"Households\u2019 flood vulnerability and adaptation: Empirical evidence from mountainous regions of Pakistan","volume":"52","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghadas, M., Asadzadeh, A., Vafeidis, A., Fekete, A., and K\u00f6tter, T. (2019). A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101069"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha Abhas Kand Miner Todd, W., and Stanton-Geddes, Z. (2013). Building Urban Resilience: Principles, Tools, and Practice, World Bank Publications.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8865-5"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ahmed, A.K., and White, A. (2006). Concepts and practices of \u2018resilience\u2019: A compilation from various secondary sources. USA Agency Int. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S2345737616500172","article-title":"Extreme Events, Critical Infrastructures, Human Vulnerability and Strategic Planning: Emerging Research Issues","volume":"3","author":"Birkmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Extrem. Events"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-02029-120123","article-title":"Focusing the Meaning(s) of Resilience: Resilience as a Descriptive Concept and a Boundary Object","volume":"12","author":"Brand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1993-2","article-title":"The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA","volume":"80","author":"Cutter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey, W., Mart\u00ednez-Amador, M., Salles, P., Mendoza, E.T., Trejo-Rangel, M.A., Franklin, G.L., Ruiz-Salcines, P., Appendini, C.M., and Quintero-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, J. (2020). Assessing Different Flood Risk and Damage Approaches: A Case of Study in Progreso, Yucatan, Mexico. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8020137"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"157","article-title":"City Resilience Framework","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"ARUP"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2016.1206395","article-title":"Urban resilience for whom, what, when, where, and why?","volume":"40","author":"Meerow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3763\/ehaz.2010.0043","article-title":"Reducing the complexity of the flood vulnerability index. Environmental Hazards","volume":"9","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.004","article-title":"Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity","volume":"16","author":"Allopn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-08870-220101","article-title":"What does resilience mean for urban water services?","volume":"22","author":"Johannessen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, K.H. (2012). A theory on urban resilience to floods-A basis for alternative planning practices. Ecol. Soc.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-05231-170448"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011","article-title":"Defining urban resilience: A review","volume":"147","author":"Meerow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-018-3293-0","article-title":"Flood hazards: Household vulnerability and resilience in disaster-prone districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan","volume":"93","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"15","article-title":"The politics and policy challenges of disaster resilience","volume":"2","author":"Birkland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Resil. Eng. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1177\/0265813516655799","article-title":"A catchment scale Integrated Flood Resilience Index to support decision making in urban flood control design","volume":"44","author":"Miguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.06.018","article-title":"Piloting a social-ecological index for measuring flood resilience: A composite index approach","volume":"60","author":"Kotzee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.05.030","article-title":"A global analysis approach for investigating structural resilience in urban drainage systems","volume":"81","author":"Mugume","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"17","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00cdndice de Requalifica\u00e7\u00e3o Fluvial Urbana para Verifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Interven\u00e7\u00f5es de Controle de Inunda\u00e7\u00f5es na Bacia dos Rios Pilar-Calomb\u00e9, RJ","volume":"8","author":"Amback","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Nac. Gerenc. Cid."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Urban Policy and Planning Unit, K. (2021, January 09). Urban Policy and Planning Unit\u2013Provincial Land Use Plan (PLUP) Planning and Development Department Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Final Land Use Plan of District Peshawar. Available online: http:\/\/urbanpolicyunit.gkp.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PESHAWAR-LAND-USE-PLAN-final-final-final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2021, January 21). PDMA-KP District Disaster Management Plan, Peshawar, Available online: http:\/\/kp.gov.pk\/uploads\/2018\/08\/DDM_Plan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.08.005","article-title":"The geographies of community disaster resilience","volume":"29","author":"Cutter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.03.009","article-title":"Community resilience to flood hazards in Khyber Pukhthunkhwa province of Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"Qasim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0201-x","article-title":"Earthquake hazards and community resilience in Baluchistan","volume":"63","author":"Ainuddin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutter, S.L., Burton, C.G., and Emrich, C.T. (2010). Disaster Resilience Indicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions. J. Homel. Secur. Emerg. Manag., 7.","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1732"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Public Health and Engineering Department (2012). Urban Environmental Problems in Pakistan (A Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Peshawar)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105341","article-title":"Evaluation of GPM-IMERG and TRMM-3B42 precipitation products over Pakistan","volume":"249","author":"Arshad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoque, M., Tasfia, S., Ahmed, N., and Pradhan, B. (2019). Assessing Spatial Flood Vulnerability at Kalapara Upazila in Bangladesh Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061302"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanta, S., Koloa, C., Kumar Pal, D., and Palsamanta, B. (2016). Flood Risk Analysis in Lower Part of Markham River Based on Multi-Criteria Decision Approach (MCDA). Hydrology, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology3030029"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadipour, V., Vafaie, F., and Deilami, K. (2020). Coastal Flooding Risk Assessment Using a GIS-Based Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092379"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raziq, A., Xu, A., and Li, Y. (2016). Monitoring of Land Use\/Land Cover Changes and Urban Sprawl in Peshawar City in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Application of Geo- Information Techniques Using of Multi-Temporal Satellite Data. J. Remote. Sens. GIS, 5.","DOI":"10.4172\/2469-4134.1000174"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, K., and Zhang, J. (2020). GIS-based flood hazard mapping using relative frequency ratio method: A case study of Panjkora River Basin, eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229153"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, Z., Jahangir, Z., Muhammad Yasir, Q., and Mahmood, S. (2020). Identification of Potential Sites for a Multi-Purpose Dam Using a Dam Suitability Stream Model. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113249"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2020, December 27). Venkatesh Merwade Creating SCS Curve Number Grid using Land Cover and Soil Data. Available online: https:\/\/web.ics.purdue.edu\/~vmerwade\/education\/cngrid.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"National Resources Conservation Service Hydrologic Soil Groups (2007). Part 630 Hydrology National Engineering Handbook."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vojtek, M., and Vojtekov\u00e1, J. (2019). Flood Susceptibility Mapping on a National Scale in Slovakia Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11020364"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-03878-0","article-title":"Flood vulnerability assessment using MOVE framework: A case study of the northern part of district Peshawar, Pakistan","volume":"101","author":"Hamidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2021, February 03). Contingency Plan Monsoon Contingency Plan, Available online: https:\/\/www.pdma.gov.pk\/sub\/uploads\/Moonsoon Contigency Plan 2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-393-2009","article-title":"Validation of a social vulnerability index in context to river-floods in Germany","volume":"9","author":"Fekete","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II & III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Gene","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Lemke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Climate Change 2007 Mitigation of Climate Change"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.04.007","article-title":"Observed changes in precipitation in China-Pakistan economic corridor during 1980\u20132016","volume":"210","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, W., Wang, G., Ali, G., Tawia Hagan, D., Bhatti, A., and Lou, D. (2019). Comparing Multiple Precipitation Products against In-Situ Observations over Different Climate Regions of Pakistan. Remote. Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060628"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheuer, S., and Haase, D. (2011). Exploring multicriteria flood vulnerability by integrating economic, social and ecological dimensions of flood risk and coping capacity: From a starting point view towards an end point view of vulnerability. Nat. Hazards.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9666-7"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, M., Tayyab, M., Zhang, J., Shah, A.A., Ullah, K., Mehmood, U., and Al-Shaibah, B. (2021). GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Approach for Flood Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping in District Shangla: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13063126"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1108\/09653560910938501","article-title":"Attaining improved resilience to floods: A proactive multi-stakeholder approach","volume":"18","author":"Bosher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., He, F., and Zhao, C. (2020). A Framework of Resilience Development for Poor Villages after the Wenchuan Earthquake Based on the Principle of \u201cBuild Back Better\u201d. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12124979"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Canziani, O.F., Dokken, D.J., and White, K.S. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Kienberger, D.S., and Contreras, S.L. (2020, November 03). Regions of Vulnerability: Spatial Modelling of Different Conceptual Approaches. Available online: http:\/\/giscience2010.org\/pdfs\/paper_241.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazeer, M., and Bork, H.R. (2019). Flood vulnerability assessment through different methodological approaches in the context of North-West Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11236695"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"83","article-title":"Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process","volume":"1","author":"Saaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority Setting, Resource Allocation, McGraw-Hill International Book Co."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pourghasemi, H.R., Razavi-Termeh, S.V., Kariminejad, N., Hong, H., and Chen, W. (2020). An assessment of metaheuristic approaches for flood assessment. J. Hydrol., 582.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124536"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.02.002","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping: A comparison of logistic regression and neural networks methods in a medium scale study","volume":"79","author":"Yesilnacar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2021, February 11). Pakistan Economic Survey Pakistan: Flood Impact Assessment, Available online: http:\/\/www.finance.gov.pk\/survey\/chapter_12\/highlights.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murayama, Y. (2012). Analytic Hierarchy Process in Geospatial Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-54000-7"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1989). Group Decision Making and the AHP. The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Springer.","DOI":"10.13033\/isahp.y1988.042"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wannous, C., and Velasquez, G. (2017). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)\u2014UNISDR\u2019s Contribution to Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Role of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59469-9_6"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.08.028","article-title":"Actual vis-\u00e0-vis perceived risk of flood prone urban communities in Pakistan","volume":"19","author":"Rana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobini, S., Becker, P., Larsson, R., and Berndtsson, R. (2020). Systemic Inequity in Urban Flood Exposure and Damage Compensation. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113152"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2020.09.022","article-title":"Geoscience Frontiers Location-allocation modeling for emergency evacuation planning with GIS and remote sensing: A case study of Northeast Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M., Ningsheng, C., Iftekhar Mahmud, G., Monirul Islam, M., Reza Pourghasemi, H., Ahmad, H., Maurice Habumugisha, J., Muhammad Ali Washakh, R., Alam, M., and Liu, E. (2021). Flooding and its relationship with land cover change, population growth, and road density. Geosci. Front., 101224.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2021.101224"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2009.027","article-title":"Hydroinformatics in multi-colours\u2014Part red: Urban flood and disaster management","volume":"11","author":"Mynett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydroinformatics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-5157-1","article-title":"Urban flood hazard assessment in the basin of Athens Metropolitan city, Greece","volume":"75","author":"Bathrellos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezende, O.M., Miranda, F.M., Haddad, A.N., and Miguez, M.G. (2019). A framework to evaluate urban flood resilience of design alternatives for flood defence considering future adverse scenarios. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11071485"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-011-0184-y","article-title":"Reconnecting to the biosphere","volume":"40","author":"Folke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andoh, R.Y., and Iwugo, K.O. (2002, January 8\u201313). Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: A UK Perspective. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD), Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/40644(2002)19"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2009.029","article-title":"Urban water management in cities: Historical, current and future regimes","volume":"59","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013","article-title":"A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters","volume":"18","author":"Cutter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/10\/1864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:59:05Z","timestamp":1760162345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/10\/1864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13101864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13101864","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]}}}