{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T16:24:03Z","timestamp":1783787043308,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The acquisition of real-time temperature and relative humidity (RH) profiles in the Arctic is of great significance for the study of the Arctic\u2019s climate and Arctic scientific research. However, the operational algorithm of Fengyun-3D only takes into account areas within 60\u00b0N, the innovation of this work is that a new technique based on Neural Network (NN) algorithm was proposed, which can retrieve these parameters in real time from the Fengyun-3D Hyperspectral Infrared Radiation Atmospheric Sounding (HIRAS) observations in the Arctic region. Considering the difficulty of obtaining a large amount of actual observation (such as radiosonde) in the Arctic region, collocated ERA5 data from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and HIRAS observations were used to train the neural networks (NNs). Brightness temperature and training targets were classified using two variables: season (warm season and cold season) and surface type (ocean and land). NNs-based retrievals were compared with ERA5 data and radiosonde observations (RAOBs) independent of the NN training sets. Results showed that (1) the NNs retrievals accuracy is generally higher on warm season and ocean; (2) the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of retrieved profiles is generally slightly higher in the RAOB comparisons than in the ERA5 comparisons, but the variation trend of errors with height is consistent; (3) the retrieved profiles by the NN method are closer to ERA5, comparing with the AIRS products. All the results demonstrated the potential value in time and space of NN algorithm in retrieving temperature and relative humidity profiles of the Arctic region from HIRAS observations under clear-sky conditions. As such, the proposed NN algorithm provides a valuable pathway for retrieving reliably temperature and RH profiles from HIRAS observations in the Arctic region, providing information of practical value in a wide spectrum of practical applications and research investigations alike.All in all, our work has important implications in broadening Fengyun-3D\u2019s operational implementation range from within 60\u00b0N to the Arctic region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T11:30:16Z","timestamp":1620732616000},"page":"1884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Temperature and Relative Humidity Profile Retrieval from Fengyun-3D\/HIRAS in the Arctic Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George P.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University of Athens, EI. Venizelou 70, Kallithea, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros","family":"Katsafados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University of Athens, EI. Venizelou 70, Kallithea, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuhua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-019-3890-x","article-title":"The Rapidly Changing Arctic and Its Impact on Global Climate","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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