{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:21:18Z","timestamp":1762341678857,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G17AC003251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G17AC003251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Higher spatial and temporal resolutions of remote sensing data are likely to be useful for ecological monitoring efforts. There are many different treatment approaches for the introduced European genotype of Phragmites australis, and adaptive management principles are being integrated in at least some long-term monitoring efforts. In this paper, we investigated how natural color and a smaller set of near-infrared (NIR) images collected with low-cost uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) could help quantify the aboveground effects of management efforts at 20 sites enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework (PAMF) spanning the coastal Laurentian Great Lakes region. We used object-based image analysis and field ground truth data to classify the Phragmites and other cover types present at each of the sites and calculate the percent cover of Phragmites, including whether it was alive or dead, in the UAV images. The mean overall accuracy for our analysis with natural color data was 91.7% using four standardized classes (Live Phragmites, Dead Phragmites, Other Vegetation, Other Non-vegetation). The Live Phragmites class had a mean user\u2019s accuracy of 90.3% and a mean producer\u2019s accuracy of 90.1%, and the Dead Phragmites class had a mean user\u2019s accuracy of 76.5% and a mean producer\u2019s accuracy of 85.2% (not all classes existed at all sites). These results show that UAV-based imaging and object-based classification can be a useful tool to measure the extent of dead and live Phragmites at a series of sites undergoing management. Overall, these results indicate that UAV sensing appears to be a useful tool for identifying the extent of Phragmites at management sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T22:46:14Z","timestamp":1620859574000},"page":"1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Using Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles for Identifying the Extent of Invasive Phragmites australis in Treatment Areas Enrolled in an Adaptive Management Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1937-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Poley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Marion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7127-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bourgeau-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Service, Alaska Regional Office, 240 W. 5th Ave., Anchorage, AK 99501, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8424-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2807, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010084724526","article-title":"Before, during and after: The need for long-term monitoring in invasive plant species management","volume":"1","author":"Blossey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. 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