{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:21:28Z","timestamp":1768821688041,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing (RS) has been widely adopted as a tool to investigate several biotic and abiotic factors, directly and indirectly, related to biodiversity conservation. European grasslands are one of the most biodiverse habitats in Europe. Most of these habitats are subject to priority conservation measure, and several human-induced processes threaten them. The broad expansions of few dominant species are usually reported as drivers of biodiversity loss. In this context, using Sentinel-2 (S2) images, we investigate the distribution of one of the most spreading species in the Central Apennine: Brachypodium genuense. We performed a binary Random Forest (RF) classification of B. genuense using RS images and field-sampled presence\/absence data. Then, we integrate the occurrences obtained from RS classification into species distribution models to identify the topographic drivers of B. genuense distribution in the study area. Lastly, the impact of B. genuense distribution in the Natura 2000 (N2k) habitats (Annex I of the European Habitat Directive) was assessed by overlay analysis. The RF classification process detected cover of B. genuense with an overall accuracy of 94.79%. The topographic species distribution model shows that the most relevant topographic variables that influence the distribution of B. genuense are slope, elevation, solar radiation, and topographic wet index (TWI) in order of importance. The overlay analysis shows that 74.04% of the B. genuense identified in the study area falls on the semi-natural dry grasslands. The study highlights the RS classification and the topographic species distribution model\u2019s importance as an integrated workflow for mapping a broad-expansion species such as B. genuense. The coupled techniques presented in this work should apply to other plant communities with remotely recognizable characteristics for more effective management of N2k habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1620962916000},"page":"1904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["From Remote Sensing to Species Distribution Modelling: An Integrated Workflow to Monitor Spreading Species in Key Grassland Habitats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"De Simone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Allegrezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Frattaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0884-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Montecchiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8921-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Tesei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Zuccarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Ecotekne Pal Center. B\u2014S.P. 6, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3130-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Di Musciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-013-0537-x","article-title":"European grassland ecosystems: Threatened hotspots of biodiversity","volume":"22","author":"Habel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission (2013). Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats, EC DG Environment."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2004.11.003","article-title":"Changes in the Species Composition and Conservation Value of Limestone Grasslands in Northern Switzerland after 22 Years of Contrasting Managements","volume":"7","author":"Gigon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"13","article-title":"EDGG Cooperation on Syntaxonomy and Biodiversity of Festuco-Brometea Communities in Transylvania (Romania): Report and Pre-Liminary Results","volume":"4","author":"Rusina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Eur. Dry Grassl. Group"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.09.014","article-title":"Remote Sensing for Conservation Monitoring: Assessing Protected Areas, Habitat Extent, Habitat Condition, Species Diversity, and Threats","volume":"33","author":"Nagendra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111218","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Plant Biodiversity","volume":"231","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3897\/pls2020571\/02","article-title":"The Potentiality of Sentinel-2 to Assess the Effect of Fire Events on Mediterranean Mountain Vegetation","volume":"57","author":"Ferella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Sociol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahabi, H., Shirzadi, A., Ghaderi, K., Omidvar, E., Al-Ansari, N., Clague, J.J., Geertsema, M., Khosravi, K., Amini, A., and Bahrami, S. (2020). Flood Detection and Susceptibility Mapping Using Sentinel-1 Remote Sensing Data and a Machine Learning Approach: Hybrid Intelligence of Bagging Ensemble Based on K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020266"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134585","article-title":"Monitoring Drought Using Composite Drought Indices Based on Remote Sensing","volume":"711","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iannella, M., De Simone, W., D\u2019Alessandro, P., Console, G., and Biondi, M. (2019). Investigating the Current and Future Co-Occurrence of Ambrosia Artemisiifolia and Ophraella Communa in Europe through Ecological Modelling and Remote Sensing Data Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183416"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"135","article-title":"New Records and Potential Distribution by Ecological Niche Modelling of the Adventive Leaf Beetle Monoxia Obesula Blake in the Mediterranean Area (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)","volume":"72","author":"Iannella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Insectology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12332","article-title":"Mapping Change in Human Pressure Globally on Land and within Protected Areas","volume":"28","author":"Geldmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/11250003.2016.1149235","article-title":"The Effects of a Sudden Urbanization on Micromammal Communities: A Case Study of Post-Earthquake L\u2019Aquila (Abruzzi Region, Italy)","volume":"83","author":"Iannella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12727","article-title":"Assessing Influence in Biofuel Production and Ecosystem Services When Environmental Changes Affect Plant\u2013Pest Relationships","volume":"12","author":"Iannella","year":"2020","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"79","article-title":"Supervised Classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery in a Semi-Arid Rangeland by Nonparametric Discriminant Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Knick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.05.001","article-title":"A Spectral Reflectance-Based Approach to Quantification of Grassland Cover from Landsat TM Imagery","volume":"87","author":"Zha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.020","article-title":"Retrieval of Grassland Plant Coverage on the Tibetan Plateau Based on a Multi-Scale, Multi-Sensor and Multi-Method Approach","volume":"164","author":"Lehnert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhang, H., and Shen, Q. (2017). Spectral\u2013Spatial Classification of Hyperspectral Imagery with 3D Convolutional Neural Network. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010067"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.017","article-title":"Towards National-Scale Characterization of Grassland Use Intensity from Integrated Sentinel-2 and Landsat Time Series","volume":"238","author":"Griffiths","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.01.018","article-title":"Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Time-Series for Mapping Floodplain Grassland Plant Communities","volume":"223","author":"Rapinel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"75","article-title":"Assessing the Synergistic Potential of Sentinel-2 Spectral Reflectance Bands and Derived Vegetation Indices for Detecting and Mapping Invasive Alien Plant Species","volume":"9","author":"Odindi","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guisan, A., Thuiller, W., and Zimmermann, N.E. (2017). Habitat Suitability and Distribution Models: With Applications in R, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139028271"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120159","article-title":"Species Distribution Models: Ecological Explanation and Prediction across Space and Time","volume":"40","author":"Elith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-020-01009-0","article-title":"Dispersal Ability of Threatened Species Affects Future Distributions","volume":"221","author":"Bartolucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.2003.00946.x","article-title":"Geographical Sampling Bias and Its Implications for Conservation Priorities in Africa","volume":"30","author":"Reddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4081\/fe.2019.329","article-title":"Entomological Knowledge in Madagascar by GBIF Datasets: Estimates on the Coverage and Possible Biases (Insecta)","volume":"51","author":"Iannella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fragm. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01408.x","article-title":"The Influence of Spatial Errors in Species Occurrence Data Used in Distribution Models","volume":"45","author":"Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111238","article-title":"Integrating Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing and Species Distribution Modeling to Map the Spread of Emerging Forest Disease and Tree Mortality","volume":"231","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2006.06.007","article-title":"Short-Term Effects of Nitrogen Enrichment, Litter Removal and Cutting on a Mediterranean Grassland","volume":"30","author":"Bonanomi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/11263500903172128","article-title":"Effects of Nitrogen Enrichment, Plant Litter Removal and Cutting on a Species-rich Mediterranean Calcareous Grassland","volume":"143","author":"Bonanomi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"59","article-title":"The Vegetation and the Plant Landscape of Monte Sassotetto (Sibillini Mountains, Central Apennines)","volume":"51","author":"Allegrezza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Sociol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1556\/ComEc.12.2011.1.14","article-title":"Abiotic and Biotic Changes due to Spread of Brachypodium Genuense (DC.) Roem. & Schult. in Sub-Mediterranean Meadows","volume":"12","author":"Catorci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Community Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2017.02.022","article-title":"Context-Dependent Variation of SLA and Plant Height of a Dominant, Invasive Tall Grass (Brachypodium Genuense) in Sub-Mediterranean Grasslands","volume":"229","author":"Tardella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.2001.00603.x","article-title":"Grassland Invasions: Effects of Manipulations of Climate and Management","volume":"38","author":"Buckland","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1201_285299","article-title":"Effects of Abandonment on the Functional Composition and Forage Nutritive Value of a North Adriatic Dry Grassland Community (\u0106i\u0107arija, Croatia)","volume":"12","author":"Tardella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021, January 24). Natura 2000 Network. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/natura2000\/index_en.htm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53720","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.8.e53720","article-title":"A grid-based map for the Biogeographical Regions of Europe","volume":"8","author":"Cervellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biodivers. Data J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"21","article-title":"I Suoli Di \u201cCampo Imperatore\u201d (Gran Sasso d\u2019Italia)","volume":"16","author":"Calandra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Braun-Blanquetia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/phytotaxa.256.1.1","article-title":"The Vascular Flora of Gran Sasso and Monti Della Laga National Park (Central Italy)","volume":"256","author":"Conti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytotaxa"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"53","article-title":"La Vegetazione Di Campo Imperatore (Gran Sasso d\u2019Italia). In \u201cRicerche Di Geobotanica Ed Ecologia Vegetale Di Campo Imperatore (Gran Sasso d\u2019Italia)","volume":"16","author":"Biondi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Braun-Blanquetia"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, January 24). Council Directive 2009\/147\/EEC. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/legislation\/birdsdirective\/index_en.htm."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2021, January 23). Council Directive 92\/43\/EEC. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/legislation\/habitatsdirective\/index_en.htm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.026","article-title":"Sentinel-2: ESA\u2019s Optical High-Resolution Mission for GMES Operational Services","volume":"120","author":"Drusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-017-1551-3","article-title":"Ecological Consideration for Several Methodologies to Diagnose Vegetation Phenology","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2019.1582840","article-title":"Copernicus Sentinel-2 Calibration and Validation","volume":"52","author":"Szantoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Louis, J., Debaecker, V., Pflug, B., Main-Knorn, M., Bieniarz, J., Mueller-Wilm, U., Cadau, E., and Gascon, F. (2021, January 15). Sentinel-2 Sen2cor: L2a Processor for Users. Proceedings Living Planet Symposium. Available online: https:\/\/elib.dlr.de\/107381\/1\/LPS2016_sm10_3louis.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Gascon, F., and Ramoino, F. (2017, January 23\u201328). Sentinel-2 Data Exploitation with ESA\u2019s Sentinel-2 Toolbox. Proceedings of the 19th European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.W., Deering, D.W., Schell, J.A., and Harlan, J.C. (1974). Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation (Greenwave effect) of natural vegetation, NASA\/GSFCT Type III Final Report."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viana-Soto, A., Aguado, I., and Mart\u00ednez, S. (2017). Assessment of Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery Using Fire Severity and Geographical Data in the Mediterranean Region (Spain). Environments, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments4040090"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Wegmann, M., Leutner, B., and Dech, S. (2016). Remote Sensing and GIS for Ecologists: Using Open Source Software, Pelagic Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.003","article-title":"Image Texture as a Remotely Sensed Measure of Vegetation Structure","volume":"121","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Catonica, C., Tinti, D., De Bonis, L., Di Santo, D., Calzolaio, A., and De Paulis, S. (2021, January 18). Carta Della Natura per La Zonazione Del Piano Del Parco Nazionale Del Gran Sasso e Monti Della Laga, Available online: https:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/it\/servizi\/sistema-carta-della-natura\/la-carta-della-natura-di-interesse-locale-1\/la-carta-della-natura-del-parco-nazionale-del-gran-sasso-e-dei-monti-della-laga."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2016.1145151","article-title":"Copernicus High-Resolution Layers for Land Cover Classification in Italy","volume":"12","author":"Congedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"European Environmental Agency (2020, January 19). CORINE Land Cover\u2014Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/pan-european\/corine-land-cover."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"193","article-title":"Accuracy Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Classification Using Google Earth","volume":"4","author":"Tilahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.897425","article-title":"A Support Vector Domain Description Approach to Supervised Classification of Remote Sensing Images","volume":"45","author":"Bruzzone","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1206-1565","article-title":"What Is a Support Vector Machine?","volume":"24","author":"Noble","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., and Kumar, V. (2009). The Top Ten Algorithms in Data Mining, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420089653"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Leutner, B., Horning, N., Schwalb-Willmann, J., and Hijmans, R.J. (2020, December 10). RStoolbox: Tools for Remote Sensing Data Analysis, 0.2.6. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/bleutner\/RStoolbox."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, 3.6.3, R Core Team. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6020964","article-title":"Comparison of Classification Algorithms and Training Sample Sizes in Urban Land Classification with Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, H., and Pebesma, E. (2020). Predicting into Unknown Space? Estimating the Area of Applicability of Spatial Prediction Models. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13650"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2019.108815","article-title":"Importance of Spatial Predictor Variable Selection in Machine Learning Applications\u2013Moving from Data Reproduction to Spatial Prediction","volume":"411","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Meyer, H. (2020, December 11). CAST: \u2018caret\u2019 Applications for Spatial-Temporal Models. R Package Version 0.4.2. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=CAST."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","article-title":"Local Indicators of Spatial Association\u2014LISA","volume":"27","author":"Anselin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Biondi, E., Blasi, C., Burrascano, S., Casavecchia, S., Copiz, R., Del Vico, E., Galdenzi, D., Gigante, D., Lasen, C., and Spampinato, G. (2009). Italian Interpretation Manual of the 92\/43\/EEC Directive Habitats. Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare. Available online: http:\/\/vnr.unipg.it\/habitat\/."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team (2020). QGIS Geographic Information System, Open Source Geospatial Foundation. Version 3.14."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1203_787805","article-title":"The Moving Split Window (MSW) Analysis in Vegetation Science\u2013An Overview","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"182","article-title":"Detecting Forest Landscape Boundary between Mountain Birch and Evergreen Coniferous Forest in the Northern Slope of Changbai Mountain","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00011456","article-title":"From Fields to Objects: A Review of Geographic Boundary Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Jacquez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x","article-title":"Novel Methods Improve Prediction of Species\u2019 Distributions from Occurrence Data","volume":"29","author":"Elith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x","article-title":"Collinearity: A Review of Methods to Deal with It and a Simulation Study Evaluating Their Performance","volume":"36","author":"Dormann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2013.00205.x","article-title":"Where Is Positional Uncertainty a Problem for Species Distribution Modelling?","volume":"37","author":"Naimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4969","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4969","article-title":"Coupling GIS Spatial Analysis and Ensemble Niche Modelling to Investigate Climate Change-Related Threats to the Sicilian Pond Turtle Emys Trinacris, an Endangered Species from the Mediterranean","volume":"6","author":"Iannella","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2005.01448.x","article-title":"Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines to Predict the Distributions of New Zealand\u2019s Freshwater Diadromous Fish","volume":"50","author":"Leathwick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x","article-title":"A Working Guide to Boosted Regression Trees","volume":"77","author":"Elith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Thuiller, W., Georges, D., Engler, R., Breiner, F., Georges, M.D., and Thuiller, C.W. (2020, December 09). Package \u2018Biomod2\u2019: Ensemble Platform for Species Distribution Modeling. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/biomod2\/biomod2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.02671","article-title":"Ecospat: An R Package to Support Spatial Analyses and Modeling of Species Niches and Distributions","volume":"40","author":"Broennimann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-019-0066-y","article-title":"TWI Computation: A Comparison of Different Open Source GISs","volume":"4","author":"Mattivi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Peterson, E.B. (2003). Mapping Percent-Cover of the Invasive Species Bromus Tectorum (Cheatgrass) over a Large Portion of Nevada from Satellite Imagery, Nevada Natural Heritage Program."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, A., Chen, J., Jing, C., Ye, G., Wu, J., Huang, Z., and Zhou, C. (2015). Monitoring the Invasion of Spartina Alterniflora from 1993 to 2014 with Landsat TM and SPOT 6 Satellite Data in Yueqing Bay, China. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135538"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"10","article-title":"Evaluating the Capability of Landsat 8 OLI and SPOT 6 for Discriminating Invasive Alien Species in the African Savanna Landscape","volume":"67","author":"Kganyago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Jia, M., Wang, Z., Mao, D., Du, B., and Wang, C. (2020). Monitoring Invasion Process of Spartina Alterniflora by Seasonal Sentinel-2 Imagery and an Object-Based Random Forest Classification. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091383"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.11.002","article-title":"An Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Random Forest Classifier for Land-Cover Classification","volume":"67","author":"Ghimire","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.32","article-title":"Upland Vegetation Mapping Using Random Forests with Optical and Radar Satellite Data","volume":"2","author":"Barrett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.01.011","article-title":"Random Forest in Remote Sensing: A Review of Applications and Future Directions","volume":"114","author":"Belgiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.11.005","article-title":"Identification of High Nature Value Grassland with Remote Sensing and Minimal Field Data","volume":"74","author":"Stenzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabska, E., Hawry\u0142o, P., and Socha, J. (2020). Continuous Detection of Small-Scale Changes in Scots Pine Dominated Stands Using Dense Sentinel-2 Time Series. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081298"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.116","article-title":"Invasive Buffelgrass Detection Using High-resolution Satellite and UAV Imagery on Google Earth Engine","volume":"5","author":"Elkind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-016-0679-1","article-title":"Tall Grass Invasion After Grassland Abandonment Influences the Availability of Palatable Plants for Wild Herbivores: Insight into the Conservation of the Apennine Chamois Rupicapra Pyrenaicaornata","volume":"57","author":"Corazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Effect of Tall-Grass Invasion on the Flowering-Related Functional Pattern of Submediterranean Hay-Meadows","volume":"148","author":"Catorci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst. Int. J. Deal. Asp. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"352","article-title":"Effect of Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Stress and Disturbance Intensities in a Sub-Mediterranean Grassland","volume":"146","author":"Catorci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst. Int. J. Deal. Asp. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160117096","article-title":"Using Remote Sensing to Assess Biodiversity","volume":"22","author":"Nagendra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/avsc.12115","article-title":"Mapping the Local Variability of Natura 2000 Habitats with Remote Sensing","volume":"17","author":"Feilhauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106826","article-title":"Predictive mapping of bryophyte richness patterns in boreal forests using species distribution models and remote sensing data","volume":"119","author":"Valeria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-021-00285-6","article-title":"Species Distribution Modelling performance and its implication for Sentinel-2-based prediction of invasive Prosopis juliflora in lower Awash River basin, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.04.004","article-title":"Very High Resolution Digital Elevation Models: Do They Improve Models of Plant Species Distribution?","volume":"198","author":"Lassueur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"121","article-title":"Valenza ecologica di specie e di associazioni prative e modelli di distribuzione lungo gradienti sulla base della teoria degli insiemi sfocati (Fuzzy Set Theory)","volume":"16","author":"Zuccarello","year":"1999","journal-title":"Braun Blanquetia"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-013-0442-3","article-title":"Topographically Controlled Soil Moisture Drives Plant Diversity Patterns within Grasslands","volume":"22","author":"Moeslund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.2307\/1938238","article-title":"Organization of an Assemblage of Early Successional Species on a Soil Moisture Gradient","volume":"59","author":"Pickett","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Buri, A., Cianfrani, C., Pradervand, J.N., and Guisan, A. (2016, January 17\u201322). Predicting Plant Distribution in an Heterogeneous Alpine Landscape: Does Soil Matter?. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.010","article-title":"Slope, Aspect and Climate: Spatially Explicit and Implicit Models of Topographic Microclimate in Chalk Grassland","volume":"216","author":"Bennie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12257","article-title":"Microclimatic Challenges in Global Change Biology","volume":"19","author":"Potter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"387","article-title":"Zwischen Estland Und Portugal\u2013Gemeinsamkeiten Und Unterschiede Der Phytodiversit\u00e4tsmuster Europ\u00e4ischer Trockenrasen","volume":"25","author":"Dengler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tuexenia"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"91","article-title":"Seed Germination Behavior of Two Brachypodium Species with a Key Role in the Improvement of Marginal Areas","volume":"50","author":"Casavecchia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Sociol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bricca, A., Tardella, F.M., Tolu, F., Goia, I., Ferrara, A., and Catorci, A. (2020). Disentangling the Effects of Disturbance from Those of Dominant Tall Grass Features in Driving the Functional Variation of Restored Grassland in a Sub-Mediterranean Context. Diversity, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/d12010011"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"59","article-title":"Brachypodium Rupestre (Host) Roem. & Schult. Herbaceous Communities of Heliophilous Edge in the Trifolio Medii-Geranietea Sanguinei M\u00fcller 1962 Class","volume":"53","author":"Allegrezza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Sociol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/10\/1904\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:00:21Z","timestamp":1760162421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/10\/1904"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13101904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13101904","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}}}