{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1770594461725,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["41871052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871052"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["U20A2082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2082"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering Open Fund Project","award":["SKLFSE201811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE201811"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land use and cover changes (LUCC) in permafrost regions have significant consequences on ecology, engineered systems, and the environment. Obtaining more details about LUCC is crucial for sustainable development, land conservation, and environment management. The Hola Basin (957 km2) in the northernmost part of Northeast China, a boreal forest landscape underlain by discontinuous, sporadic, and isolated permafrost, was selected for the case study. The LUCC was analyzed using the Landsat archive of satellite images from 1973 to 2019. A thematic change detection analysis was performed by combining the object-based image analysis (OBIA) and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. Four types of LUCC (forest, grass, water, and anthropic) were extracted with an overall accuracy of 80% for 1973 and &gt;90% for 1986, 2000, and 2019. Forest, the dominant class (750 km2 in 1973), declined by 88 km2 (11.8%) from 1973 to 1986 but had a recovery of 78 km2 (12.5%) from 2000 to 2019. Grass, the second-largest class (187 km2 in 1973), increased by 86 km2 (46.5%) between 1973 and 1986 and decreased by 90 km2 (40%) between 2000 and 2019. The anthropic class continuously increased from 10 km2 (1973) to 37 km2 (2019). Major features in LUCC are attributed to rapid population growth, resource exploitation, agriculture intensification, economic development, and frequent forest fires. Under a pronounced climate warming, these drivers have been accelerating the degradation of permafrost, subsequently triggering natural hazards and deteriorating the ecological environment. This study represents a benchmark for sustainable LUCC management in the Hola Basin, Northeast China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1620962916000},"page":"1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["46-Year (1973\u20132019) Permafrost Landscape Changes in the Hola Basin, Northeast China Using Machine Learning and Object-Oriented Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul-David","family":"\u0218erban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Applied Geomorphology and Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Department of Geography, West University of Timi\u0219oara, 300223 Timi\u0219, Romania"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"\u0218erban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Applied Geomorphology and Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Department of Geography, West University of Timi\u0219oara, 300223 Timi\u0219, Romania"}]},{"given":"Ruixia","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8402-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huijun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Institute of Cold-Regions Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, and Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geological-Environment\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3332-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4651-6251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pourghasemi, H.R., and Gokceoglu, C. 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