{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T03:20:13Z","timestamp":1772508013350,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the effect of large-scale fires on the global environment has attracted attention. Satellite observation data are used for global estimation of fire CO2 emissions, and available data sources are increasing. Although several CO2 emission inventories have already been released, various remote sensing data were used to create the inventories depend on the studies. We created eight global CO2 emission inventories through fires from 2001 to 2020 by combining input data sources, compared them with previous studies, and evaluated the effect of input sources on CO2 emission estimation. CO2 emissions were estimated using a method that combines the biomass density change (by the repeated fires) with the general burned area approach. The average annual CO2 emissions of the created eight inventories were 8.40 \u00b1 0.70 Pg CO2 year\u22121 (\u00b11 standard deviation), and the minimum and maximum emissions were 3.60 \u00b1 0.67 and 14.5 \u00b1 0.83 Pg CO2 year\u22121, respectively, indicating high uncertainty. CO2 Emissions obtained from four previous inventories were within \u00b11 standard deviation in the eight inventories created in this study. Input datasets, especially biomass density, affected CO2 emission estimation. The global annual CO2 emissions from two biomass maps differed by 60% (Maximum). This study assesses the performance of climate and fire models by revealing the uncertainty of fire emission estimation from the input sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1620962916000},"page":"1914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["New Inventories of Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions through Biomass Burning in 2001\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Shiraishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}]},{"given":"Ryuichi","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.063","article-title":"Biomass consumption and CO2, CO and main hydrocarbon gas emissions in an Amazonian forest clearing fire","volume":"43","author":"Neto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-527-2012","article-title":"Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power","volume":"9","author":"Kaiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.04.066","article-title":"An overview of regional experiments on biomass burning aerosols and related pollutants in Southeast Asia: From BASE-ASIA and the Dongsha Experiment to 7-SEAS","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-3423-2006","article-title":"Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004","volume":"6","author":"Randerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11707","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-11707-2010","article-title":"Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997\u20132009)","volume":"10","author":"Randerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-697-2017","article-title":"Global fire emissions estimates during 1997\u20132016","volume":"9","author":"Randerson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209472","article-title":"Forecasting Fire Season Severity in South America Using Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies","volume":"334","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo671","article-title":"CO2 emissions from forest loss","volume":"2","author":"Morton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01652.x","article-title":"Agricultural intensification increases deforestation fire activity in Amazonia","volume":"14","author":"Morton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1978.10470566","article-title":"Airborne Studies of Particles and Gases from Forest Fires","volume":"28","author":"Radke","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00137988","article-title":"Estimates of Gross and Net Fluxes of Carbon Between","volume":"2","author":"Seiler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncan, B.N. (2003). Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002378"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090753","article-title":"Continental-Scale Partitioning of Fire Emissions During the 1997 to 2001 El Ni\u00f1o\/La Ni\u00f1a Period","volume":"303","author":"Randerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"13","article-title":"Fusion of pan-tropical biomass maps using weighted averaging andregional calibration data","volume":"31","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13139","article-title":"An integrated pan-tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets","volume":"22","author":"Avitabile","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20042","article-title":"Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4)","volume":"118","author":"Giglio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-2921-2017","article-title":"Two global data sets of daily fire emission injection heights since 2003","volume":"17","author":"Veira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-5359-2018","article-title":"Using the Fire Weather Index (FWI) to improve the estimation of fire emissions from fire radiative power (FRP) observations","volume":"18","author":"Pappenberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000066297","article-title":"A new SPOT4-VEGETATION derived land cover map of Northern Eurasia","volume":"24","author":"Bartalev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291297","article-title":"GLC2000: A new approach to global land cover mapping from earth observation data","volume":"26","author":"Belward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.02.010","article-title":"Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality modeling","volume":"40","author":"Wiedinmyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-4-625-2011","article-title":"The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): A high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning","volume":"4","author":"Wiedinmyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Arino, O., Muriel, S., Piccolini, I., and Rosaz, J.M. (2001, January 8\u201312). The ers-2 atsr-2 world fire atlas and the ers-2 atsr-2 world burnt surface atlas projects. Proceedings of the 8th ISPRS Conference on Physical Measurement and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Aussois, France."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-004-2800-3","article-title":"A global inventory of burned areas at 1 km resolution for the year 2000 derived from spot vegetation data","volume":"67","author":"Tansey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.01.011","article-title":"Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite data and an historical reconstruction","volume":"44","author":"Mieville","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.08.009","article-title":"Comparison of global inventories of CO2 emissions from biomass burning during 2002-2011 derived from multiple satellite products","volume":"206","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Justice, C., Giglio, L., Boschetti, L., Roy, D., and Csiszar, I. (2006). Algorithm Technical Background Document."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.054","article-title":"The collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products","volume":"178","author":"Giglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Giglio, L. (2015). MODIS Collection 6 Active Fire Product User\u2019s Guide Revision A."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Strahler, A., Gopal, S., Lambin, E., and Moody, A. (1999). MODIS Land Cover Product Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) Version 5.0."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.013","article-title":"Hierarchical mapping of annual global land cover 2001 to present: The MODIS Collection 6 Land Cover product","volume":"222","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"18932","article-title":"A detailed portrait of the forest aboveground biomass pool for the year 2010 obtained from multiple remote sensing observations. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 20, EGU2018-18932","volume":"20","author":"Santoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9899","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019576108","article-title":"Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents","volume":"108","author":"Saatchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1354","article-title":"Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps","volume":"2","author":"Baccini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"European Space Agency (2017). DUE GlobBiomass Validation Report, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Quegan, S., Rauste, Y., Bouvet, A., Carreiras, J., Cartus, O., Carvalhais, N., LeToan, T., Mermoz, S., and Santoro, M. (2017). D6\u2013Global Biomass Map Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (Incorporating the Design Justification File D7), European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005461","article-title":"Biomass burning emission inventory from burnt area data given by the SPOT-VEGETATION system in the frame of TRACE-P and ACE-Asia campaigns","volume":"110","author":"Michel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87721-x","article-title":"Estimation of carbon dioxide emissions from the megafires of Australia in 2019\u20132020","volume":"11","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-2015-2018","article-title":"Generation and analysis of a new global burned area product based on MODIS 250 m reflectance bands and thermal anomalies","volume":"10","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4108","article-title":"A humandriven decline in global burned area","volume":"356","author":"Andela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Global Carbon Project (2019). Supplemental Data of Global Carbon Budget 2019 (Version 1.0), Global Carbon Project."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2086436","article-title":"An Evaluation of the ALOS PALSAR L-Band Backscatter\u2014Above Ground Biomass Relationship Queensland, Australia: Impacts of Surface Moisture Condition and Vegetation Structure","volume":"3","author":"Lucas","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.014","article-title":"CO2 emissions from the 2010 Russian wildfires using GOSAT data","volume":"226","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26886","article-title":"Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997","volume":"6","author":"Huijnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.12.008","article-title":"Detection rates of the MODIS active fire product in the United States","volume":"112","author":"Hawbaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.864370","article-title":"Validation of the Global Land Cover 2000 Map","volume":"44","author":"Mayaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GB001382","article-title":"Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning","volume":"15","author":"Andreae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akagi, S.K., Yokelson, R.J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M.J., Reid, J.S., Karl, T., and Crounse, J.D. (2011). Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Emiss., 4039\u20134072.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-4039-2011"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D14S04","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003666","article-title":"Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data","volume":"109","author":"Hoelzemann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2021, March 12). CASTNET: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Markets Division Clean Air Status and Trends Network, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/castnet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.02.005","article-title":"Regional CO emission estimated from ground-based remote sensing at Hefei site, China","volume":"222","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/10\/1914\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:00:31Z","timestamp":1760162431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/10\/1914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13101914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13101914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}}}