{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:58:22Z","timestamp":1775055502596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan","award":["A177-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A177-0017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated long-term observations of the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide vertical column density (NO2 TropVCD) from the Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) network in Russia and ASia (MADRAS) from 2007 to 2017 at urban (Yokosuka and Gwangju) and remote (Fukue and Cape Hedo) sites in East Asia. The monthly mean in the NO2 TropVCD from MAX-DOAS measured at ~13:30 local time, which is the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) overpass time, shows good agreement with OMI data during summer, but differences between the two datasets increase in winter. The Theil-Sen slope of the long-term trend indicate a relatively rapid and gradual reduction in NO2 at Yokosuka and two remote sites (Fukue and Cape Hedo), respectively, regardless of the season except for fall at Fukue, but significant changes in NO2 are not observed at Gwangju, Korea. In contrast, OMI satellite data reveal an increase in the NO2 TropVCD at all sites except for Yokosuka, where a decreasing trend common to MAX-DOAS is found, suggesting that the results from satellites need to be cautiously used for investigating long-term trends in less polluted or remote areas. Using backward trajectories, potential source regions are identified for the two urban sites. The spatial distribution from OMI data shows good agreement with the potential source regions at Yokosuka. The potential source regions in Gwangju are identified as the National Industrial Complex in Yeosu and Gwangyang, while the transport route is not clearly visible with OMI data because of their low sensitivity in less polluted areas. The proposed approach is suitable for identifying potential source areas that might not be recognized by satellite observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Long-Term Variation in the Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide Vertical Column Density over Korea and Japan from the MAX-DOAS Network, 2007\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6072-6802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yugo","family":"Kanaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5267-0792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisahiro","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0133, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Irie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kihong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jihyo","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea"},{"name":"Environmental Management Division, Yeongsan River Basin Environmental Office, Gwangju 61945, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27701","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000191","article-title":"NOxproduction by lightning over the continental United States","volume":"106","author":"Bond","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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