{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:18:41Z","timestamp":1776395921668,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 41977242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41977242"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 41702294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41702294"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 42090055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42090055"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)","award":["No. CUGGC09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. CUGGC09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique is widely adopted for detecting and monitoring landslides, but its effectiveness is often degraded in mountainous terrains, due to geometric distortions in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image input. To evaluate the terrain effect on the applicability of InSAR in landslide monitoring, a variety of visibility evaluation models have been developed, among which the R-index models are quite popular. In consideration of the poor performance of the existing R-index models in the passive layover region, this study presents an improved R-index model, in which a coefficient for improving the visibility evaluation in the far passive layover regions is incorporated. To demonstrate the applicability of the improved R-index model, the terrain visibility of SAR images in Fengjie, a county in the Three Gorges Reservoirs region, China, is studied. The effectiveness of the improved R-index model is demonstrated through comparing the visibility evaluation results with those obtained from the existing R-index models and P-NG method. Further, the effects of the line-of-sight (LOS) parameters of SAR images and the resolution of the digital elevation model (DEM) on the terrain visibility are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"1938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An Improved R-Index Model for Terrain Visibility Analysis for Landslide Monitoring with InSAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3121-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianhe","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Victor Mwango","family":"Bowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Huiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Fumeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106051","article-title":"Geohazards and human settlements: Lessons learned from multiple relocation events in Badong, China\u2013Engineering geologist\u2019s perspective","volume":"285","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. 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