{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:33:10Z","timestamp":1780965190503,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacier mass variations are climate indicators. Therefore, it is essential to examine both winter and summer mass balance variability over a long period of time to address climate-related ice mass fluctuations. In this study, we analyze glacier mass balance components and hypsometric characteristics with respect to their interactions with local meteorological variables and remote large-scale atmospheric and oceanic patterns. The results show that all selected glaciers have lost their equilibrium condition in recent decades, with persistent negative annual mass balance trends and decreasing accumulation area ratios (AARs), accompanied by increasing air temperatures of \u2265 +0.45 \u00b0C decade\u22121. The controlling factor of annual mass balance is mainly attributed to summer mass losses, which are correlated with (warming) June to September air temperatures. In addition, the interannual variability of summer and winter mass balances is primarily associated to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), Greenland Blocking Index (GBI), and East Atlantic (EA) teleconnections. Although climate parameters are playing a significant role in determining the glacier mass balance in the region, the observed correlations and mass balance trends are in agreement with the hypsometric distribution and morphology of the glaciers. The analysis of decadal frontal retreat using Landsat images from 1984 to 2014 also supports the findings of this research, highlighting the impact of lake formation at terminus areas on rapid glacier retreat and mass loss in the Swiss Alps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T12:19:57Z","timestamp":1621253997000},"page":"1949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Local- and Regional-Scale Forcing of Glacier Mass Balance Changes in the Swiss Alps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7912-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeideh","family":"Gharehchahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Geosciences, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Ballinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L. R.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2502-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anshuman","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, King\u2019s College, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Sam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, King\u2019s College, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILR School, Cornell University, 617 Main Street, Suite 300, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-3836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-525-2015","article-title":"Surface elevation and mass changes of all Swiss glaciers 1980\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3189\/2015JoG15J017","article-title":"Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century","volume":"61","author":"Zemp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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