{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:52:07Z","timestamp":1768409527644,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61701046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61701046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthogonal waveform design is one of the key technologies that affects the detection performance of MIMO radars. Most of the existing methods indirectly tackle this problem as an intractable nonconvex optimization and an NP-hard problem. In this work, we propose a novel waveform design algorithm based on intelligent ions motion optimization (IMO) to directly obtain a set of polyphase codes with good orthogonality. The autocorrelation sidelobe and cross-correlation sidelobe are first derived and subsequently integrated into evaluation functions for evaluating the orthogonality of polyphase codes. In order to effectively cope with the aforementioned problem, we present a strengthened IMO that is highly robust and converges rapidly. In the liquid state, an optimal guiding principle of same-charge ions is suggested to enhance global search ability and avoid falling into local optima. An ion updating strategy based on fitness ranking is presented to improve the search efficiency in the crystal state. Finally, the improved algorithm is employed to optimize the polyphase codes. The experimental results, compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms, show that the polyphase codes obtained by the proposed algorithm have better orthogonality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T12:17:16Z","timestamp":1621340236000},"page":"1968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Novel MIMO Radar Orthogonal Waveform Design Algorithm Based on Intelligent Ions Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Technology, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7128-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangqing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.2983642","article-title":"On the Design of Multi-Spectrally Constrained Constant Modulus Radar Signals","volume":"68","author":"Aubry","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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