{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:07:21Z","timestamp":1773263241457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["No. 2016YFC1402003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2016YFC1402003"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 41421001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41421001"]}]},{"name":"the Innovation Project of Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["No. O88RAA01YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. O88RAA01YA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a developing country, China\u2019s mangrove landscape pattern has undergone significant temporal and spatial changes over the last four decades. However, we know little about the changes in the mangrove landscape pattern characteristics other than the area at the national scale. The analysis of mangrove landscape pattern changes from different perspectives on a national scale can provide scientific support for mangrove protection and restoration. In this study, the temporal and spatial changes in the pattern of the mangrove landscape over the last 40 years in China were analyzed based on remote sensing data with high classification accuracy (99.3% of 2018). First, according to the natural geographical conditions of the coastal zone and the distribution of the mangroves, the distribution area of the mangroves in China was divided into 31 natural shores. Then, by selecting representative landscape indexes and constructing an integrated landscape index, the spatial-temporal changes in the landscape pattern of China\u2019s mangroves over the last 40 years were analyzed based on five perspectives: Total area change, shape complexity, connectivity, fragmentation, and the integrated state of the landscape. From a temporal viewpoint, before 2000, the total area of each shore exhibited a downward trend, and the degree of connectivity deteriorated continuously, but the degree of fragmentation was stable at a low level. After 2000, although the total area improved, the degree of fragmentation gradually increased. The spatial changes are mainly reflected by the fact that the shores in Guangdong and Hainan exhibited significant differences within the same province. Based on the above analysis, corresponding scientific suggestions are proposed from temporal and spatial viewpoints to provide guidance for mangrove management and protection in China and to provide a reference for mangrove research in other regions of the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T21:49:21Z","timestamp":1621460961000},"page":"1986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Remote Sensing Based Spatial-Temporal Monitoring of the Changes in Coastline Mangrove Forests in China over the Last 40 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6570-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1643-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6776-2910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center (LASAC), Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K.Q., Thapa, B., Ross, M., and Gann, D. 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