{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:16:14Z","timestamp":1779912974905,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIDE15\/10623093 \u2013 HYDRO-CSI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIDE15\/10623093 \u2013 HYDRO-CSI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-lasting precipitation deficits or heat waves can induce agricultural droughts, which are generally defined as soil moisture deficits that are severe enough to negatively impact vegetation. However, during short soil moisture drought events, the vegetation is not always negatively affected and sometimes even thrives. Due to this duality in agricultural drought impacts, the term \u201cagricultural drought\u201d is ambiguous. Using the ESA\u2019s remotely sensed CCI surface soil moisture estimates and MODIS NDVI vegetation greenness data, we show that, in major European droughts over the past two decades, asynchronies and discrepancies occurred between the surface soil moisture and vegetation droughts. A clear delay is visible between the onset of soil moisture drought and vegetation drought, with correlations generally peaking at the end of the growing season. At lower latitudes, correlations peaked earlier in the season, likely due to an earlier onset of water limited conditions. In certain cases, the vegetation showed a positive anomaly, even during soil moisture drought events. As a result, using the term agricultural drought instead of soil moisture or vegetation drought, could lead to the misclassification of drought events and false drought alarms. We argue that soil moisture and vegetation drought should be considered separately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T21:49:21Z","timestamp":1621460961000},"page":"1990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Ambiguous Agricultural Drought: Characterising Soil Moisture and Vegetation Droughts in Europe from Earth Observation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1589-6079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa C.","family":"van Hateren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9094-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Chini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Matgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4302-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriaan J.","family":"Teuling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0114-0","article-title":"Future equivalent of 2010 Russian heatwave intensified by weakening soil moisture constraints","volume":"8","author":"Rasmijn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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