{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:34:51Z","timestamp":1773704091329,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Usually, in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) datasets, the user defines the limits between the useful signal and the noise through standard filtering to isolate the effective signal as much as possible. However, there are true reflections that mask the coherent reflectors that can be considered noise. In archaeological sites these clutter reflections are caused by scattering with origin in subsurface elements (e.g., isolated masonry, ceramic objects, and archaeological collapses). Its elimination is difficult because the wavelet parameters similar to coherent reflections and there is a risk of creating artefacts. In this study, a procedure to filter the clutter reflection noise (CRN) from GPR datasets is presented. The CRN filter is a singular value decomposition-based method (SVD), applied in the 2D spectral domain. This CRN filtering was tested in a dataset obtained from a controlled laboratory environment, to establish a mathematical control of this algorithm. Additionally, it has been applied in a 3D-GPR dataset acquired in the Roman villa of Horta da Torre (Fronteira, Portugal), which is an uncontrolled environment. The results show an increase in the quality of archaeological GPR planimetry that was verified via archaeological excavation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13102005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1621511157000},"page":"2005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["GPR Clutter Reflection Noise-Filtering through Singular Value Decomposition in the Bidimensional Spectral Domain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4114-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Jorge","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, ICT, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory, EaRSLab, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4745-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bento","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, ICT, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory, EaRSLab, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0387-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Teixid\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Andaluz de Geof\u00edsica, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3847-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Fernando","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, ICT, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory, EaRSLab, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"A Communication on archaeological radar experiment at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico","volume":"11","author":"Vickers","year":"1975","journal-title":"MASCA Newsl."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Conyers, L.B., and Goodman, D. 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