{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:31:03Z","timestamp":1772253063108,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IND2017\/AMB-7789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND2017\/AMB-7789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Slope failures pose a substantial threat to mining activity due to their destructive potential and high probability of occurrence on steep slopes close to limit equilibrium conditions, which are often found both in open pits and in waste and tailing disposal facilities. The development of slope monitoring and modeling programs usually entails the exploitation of in situ and remote sensing data, together with the application of numerical modeling, and it plays an important role in the definition of prevention and mitigation measures aimed at minimizing the impact of slope failures in mining areas. In this paper, a new methodology is presented; one that combines satellite radar interferometry and 2D finite element modeling for slope stability analysis at a regional scale, and applied within slope unit polygons. Although the literature includes many studies applying radar interferometry and modeling for slope stability analysis, the addition of slope units as input data for radar interferometry and modeling purposes has, to our knowledge, not previously been reported. A former mining area in southeast Spain was studied, and the method proved useful for detecting and characterizing a large number of unstable slopes. Out of the 1959 slope units used for the spatial analysis of the radar interferometry data, 43 were unstable, with varying values of safety factor and landslide size. Out of the 43 active slope units, 21 exhibited line of sight velocities greater than the maximum error obtained through validation analysis (2.5 cm\/year). Finally, this work discusses the possibility of using the results of the proposed approach to devise a proxy for landslide hazard. The proposed methodology can help to provide non-expert final users with intelligible, clear, and easily comparable information to analyze slope instabilities in different settings, and not limited to mining areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13102008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1621511157000},"page":"2008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Combining Satellite InSAR, Slope Units and Finite Element Modeling for Stability Analysis in Mining Waste Disposal Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"L\u00f3pez-Vinielles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"HEMAV SL, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Merodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas y Energ\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ezquerro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0516-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Davalillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2083-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Sarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8325-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Reyes-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6254-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC\/CERCA), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7877-1516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC\/CERCA), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vrinda","family":"Krishnakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC\/CERCA), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Alvioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica, I-06128 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"EuroGeoSurveys: Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (EOEG), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, E.T. 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