{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:19:10Z","timestamp":1790281150343,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Space Application Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad, India","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although studies on species-level classification and mapping using multisource data and machine learning approaches are plenty, the use of data with ideal placement of central wavelength and bandwidth at appropriate spatial resolution, for the classification of mangrove species is underreported. The species composition of a mangrove forest has been estimated utilising the red-edge spectral bands and chlorophyll absorption information from AVIRIS-NG and Sentinel-2 data. In this study, three dominant species, Heritiera fomes, Excoecaria agallocha and Avicennia officinalis, have been classified using the random forest (RF) model for a mangrove forest in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, India. Various combinations of reflectance\/backscatter bands and vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2, AVIRIS-NG, and Sentinel-1 were used for species-level discrimination and mapping. The RF model showed maximum accuracy using Sentinel-2, followed by the AVIRIS-NG, in discriminating three dominant species and two mixed compositions. This study indicates the potential of Sentinel-2 data for discriminating various mangrove species owing to the appropriate placement of central wavelength and bandwidth in Sentinel-2 at \u226510 m spatial resolution. The variable importance plots proved that species-level classification could be attempted using red edge and chlorophyll absorption information. This study has wider applicability in other mangrove forests around the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:01:20Z","timestamp":1621814480000},"page":"2027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Species-Level Classification and Mapping of a Mangrove Forest Using Random Forest\u2014Utilisation of AVIRIS-NG and Sentinel Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9976-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukunda Dev","family":"Behera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surbhi","family":"Barnwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4509-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somnath","family":"Paramanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pulakesh","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Resources Institute, New Delhi 110016, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bimal Kumar","family":"Bhattyacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad 380015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buddolla","family":"Jagadish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parth S.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Resources Institute, New Delhi 110016, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujit Madhab","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumit Kumar","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Forest Remote Sensing, Biodiversity and Climate Change","volume":"102","author":"Behera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. 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