{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T04:19:49Z","timestamp":1772597989673,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programma Operativo Nazionale &quot;Ricerca e Innovazione&quot; 2014-2020 (PON R&amp;I 2014-2020)","award":["Codice CUP J66C18000490005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Codice CUP J66C18000490005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Contract: 4000125959\/18\/NL\/NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract: 4000125959\/18\/NL\/NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010560","name":"EUMETSAT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high relevance of satellites for collecting information regarding precipitation at global scale implies the need of a continuous validation of satellite products to ensure good data quality over time and to provide feedback for updating and improving retrieval algorithms. However, validating satellite products using measurements collected by sensors at ground is still a challenging task. To date, the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) aboard the Core Satellite of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is the only active sensor able to provide, at global scale, vertical profiles of rainfall rate, radar reflectivity, and Drop Size Distribution (DSD) parameters from space. In this study, we compare near surface GPM retrievals with long time series of measurements collected by seven laser disdrometers in Italy since the launch of the GPM mission. The comparison shows limited differences in the performances of the different GPM algorithms, be they dual- or single-frequency, although in most cases, the dual-frequency algorithms present the better performances. Furthermore, the agreement between satellite and ground-based estimates depends on the considered precipitation variable. The agreement is very promising for rain rate, reflectivity factor, and the mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm), while the satellite retrievals need to be improved for the normalized gamma DSD intercept parameter (Nw).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T22:02:23Z","timestamp":1621980143000},"page":"2081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Validation of GPM Rainfall and Drop Size Distribution Products through Disdrometers in Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9500-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Adirosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0099-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Montopoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Telesensing of Environment and Model Prediction of Severe Events, University of L\u2019Aquila, 76100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy \u201cAugusto Righi\u201d, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Porc\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy \u201cAugusto Righi\u201d, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Capozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples \u201cParthenope\u201d, 80143 Naples, Italy"}]},{"given":"Clizia","family":"Annella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples \u201cParthenope\u201d, 80143 Naples, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Budillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples \u201cParthenope\u201d, 80143 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Bucchignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorology Lab, Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali (CIRA), 81043 Capua, Italy"},{"name":"REMHI Division, Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Lucia","family":"Zollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorology Lab, Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali (CIRA), 81043 Capua, Italy"},{"name":"REMHI Division, Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}]},{"given":"Orietta","family":"Cazzuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Agency for the Protection of the Environment of Lombardia (ARPA Lombardia), 20124 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Camisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Agency for the Protection of the Environment of Lombardia (ARPA Lombardia), 20124 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Bechini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Agency for the Protection of the Environment of Piemonte (ARPA Piemonte), 10135 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cremonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Agency for the Protection of the Environment of Piemonte (ARPA Piemonte), 10135 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consortium Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Modelling for the Sustainable Development (Consorzio LaMMA), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3864-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ortolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consortium Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Modelling for the Sustainable Development (Consorzio LaMMA), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Bioeconomy (CNR-IBE), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5217-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00283.1","article-title":"So, how much of the Earth\u2019s surface is covered by rain gauges?","volume":"98","author":"Kidd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. 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